[语言类考试复习资料大全]公共英语五级分类模拟题18

1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟。祝愿天下莘莘学子：学业有成，金榜题名！语言类考试复习资料大全公共英语五级分类模拟题18公共英语五级分类模拟题18Section Use of EnglishPsychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from 1 praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, 2 research the relation 3 actions and their consequences argue that

2、rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain 4 rewards often destroy creativity 5 encouraging dependence 6 approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially 7 educators. But the caref

3、ul use of small monetary rewards sparks 8 in grade-school children, suggesting 9 properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, 10 to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.If kids know theyre working for a 11 and can focus 12 a relatively challenging task, they s

4、how the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for 13 performance or crea- ting too 14 anticipation for rewards.A teacher 15 continually draws attention to rewards or who hands 16 high grades for ordinary ac

5、hievement ends up 17 discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. 18 an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing 19 .In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in 20 students handle challenging problems and

6、 receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.1.答案:warm解析 由此句中的contrastive views”可知，观点是相对的，此空所在短句意为“从赞扬到冷酷的批评”，显然，应是“热烈的”。故答案为warm。2.答案:who解析 此空后的句子显然为定语从句，修饰Behaviorists”，所以应填一个 who，引导修饰人的定语从句。故答案为who。3.答案:b

7、etween解析 “relationactions and their consequences”意为“行动和它们的结果关系”，空处显然缺“之间”。故答案为between。4.答案:that解析 此空后的内容为maintain的内容，即此空后的句子为maintain的宾语，应填一个可引导宾语从句的词。故答案为that。5.答案:by解析 此空所在短句意为“报酬经常毁掉创造性，鼓励依赖他人的批准和礼物。”显然，空处应填“通过”，在英语中介词by即可表达此意。故答案为by。6.答案:on解析 dependence on意为“依赖，依靠”，是固定短语。故答案为on。7.答案:among解析 此句意为

8、“后一种观点得到了许多支持者，尤其教育家。”显然，空处应填“在中”，介词among即有此意；故答案为among。8.答案:creativity解析 本文是在讲述报酬、表扬与创造性的关系，此句意为“但是小心地使用小量的金钱报酬能激起分级学校孩子们的”显然，空处应填“创造性”。故答案为creativity。9.答案:that解析 此空后面的句子为suggesting的内容，即应为其宾语从句，所以此空处应填引导宾语从句的词，即that。故答案为that。10.答案:according解析 此句意为“一项个性与社会心理学的六月杂志的研究。”显然，空处应填“根据”。故答案为according。11.答案

9、:reward解析 通篇文章均是在讲报酬与创造性的关系，此句意为“如果孩子们知道他们在为工作，。”显然，此空处应填“报酬”。故答案为reward。12.答案:on解析 focus on意为“集中于”，为固定短语。故答案为on。13.答案:poor解析 此句意为“但是很容易通过给表现报酬或创造对报酬太的期望而扼杀创造性。”显然，此空处应填“劣拙的，不好的”。故答案为poor。14.答案:much解析 参见43题解析。显然，此空处应为“太多的”。故答案为much。15.答案:who解析 此空后的句子应为teacher的定语从句，故此空处应填who，引导修饰人的定语从句。故答案为who。16.答案:

10、out解析 hand out意为“分发，施舍”，为固定短语。故答案为out。17.答案:with解析 end up with意为“以结束，以告终”，为固定短语。故答案为 with。18.答案:As解析 此句意为“后一种观点的例子，”显然，空处应填“作为”。故答案为As。19.答案:grades解析 此句意为“他指出在主要大学里关于加强升级标准及恢复不及格的努力。”显然，此空处应填“分数”。故答案为grades。20.答案:which解析 此空后的句子应为定语从句，修饰“token economies”，故此空应填一个可引导定语从句的词，而且前面可加介词in。故答案为which。Section

11、Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must

12、ask some primary questions about the future of work. Would we continue to treat employment as the norm? Would we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we

13、 not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most peoples work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and som

14、e of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could provide the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclos

15、ures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people depend ent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from peoples homes. Later, as transportation impr

16、oved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial time, men and wo

17、men had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still as some this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of

18、 work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excludeda problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives. All this may now h

19、ave to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs. 1. Research carried out in the recent opinion polls shows that _.A.available empl

20、oyment should be restricted to a small percentage of the populationB.new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figuresC.available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployedD.the nowaday high unemployment figures are a truth of life答案:D由短文第一句“Opinion polls ar

21、e now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. ”可知。2. The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that _.A.universal employment virtually guaranteed prosperityB.economic freedom came within every

22、ones controlC.patterns of work were fundamentally changedD.peoples attitudes to work had to be reversed答案:C由短文第三段中“The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed.”可知。3. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries me

23、ant that _.A.people were no longer legally entitled to own landB.people were driven to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselvesC.people were not adequately compensated for the loss of their landD.people were badly paid for the work they managed to find答案:B由短文第四段第一句“.the 17th and 18th centur

24、ies made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use ofthe land, .”可知。4. The effects of almost universal employment were overwhelming in that _.A.the household and village community disappeared completelyB.men now travelled enormous distances to their places of workC.young and ol

25、d people became superfluous components of societyD.the work status of those not in paid employment suffered答案:D由短文第六段可知答案为D。5. The article concludes that _.A.the creation of jobs for all is an impossibilityB.our efforts and resources in terms of tackling unemployment are insufficientC.people should

26、begin supporting themselves by learning a practical skillD.we should help those whose jobs are only part-time答案:A由全文看，作者支持的一种观点是“为所有人创造工作机会是不可能的”。Text 2 Managers spend a great deal of their time in meetings. According to Henry Mintzberg, in his book, The Nature of Managerial Work, managers in large

27、organizations spend only 22% of their time on meetings. So what are the managers doing in those meetings? There have conventionally been two answers. The first is the academic version: Managers are coordinating and controlling, making decisions, solving problems and planning. This interpretation has

28、 been largely discredited because it ignores the social and political forces at work in meetings. The second version claims that meetings provide little more than strategic sites for corporate gladiators to perform before the organizational emperors. This perspective is far more attractive, and has

29、given rise to a large, and often humorous, body of literature on gamesmanship and posturing in meetings. It is, of course, true that meeting rooms serve as shop windows for managerial talent, but this is far from the truth as a whole. The suggestion that meetings are actually battle grounds is misle

30、ading since the raison detre of meetings has far more to do with comfort than conflict. Meetings are actually vital props, both for the participants and the organization as a whole. For the organization, meetings, represent recording devices. The minutes of meetings catalogue the change of the organ

31、ization, at all levels, in a more systematic way than do the assorted memos and directives which are scattered about the company. They enshrine the minutes of corporate history, they itemize proposed actions and outcomes in a way which makes one look like the natural culmination of the other. The wh

32、ole tenor of the minutes is one of total premeditation and implied continuity. They are a sanitized version of reality which suggests a reassuring level of control over events. What is more, the minutes record the debating of certain issues in an official and democratic forum, so that those not invo

33、lved in the process can be assured that the decision was not taken lightly. As Dong Bennett, an administrative and financial manager with Allied Breweries, explains: Time and effort are seen to have been invested in scrutinizing a certain course of action. Key individuals are also seen to have put t

34、heir names behind that particular course of action. The decision can therefore proceed with the full weight of the organization behind it, even if it actually went through on the nod. At the same time, the burden of responsibility is spread, so that no individual takes the blame. Thus, the public na

35、ture of formal meetings confers a degree of legitimacy on what happens in them. Having a view pass unchallenged at a meeting can be taken to indicate consensus. However, meetings also serve as an alibi for action, as demonstrated by one manager who explained to his subordinates: I did what I could t

36、o prevent itI had our objections minutes in two meetings. The proof of conspicuous effort was there in black and white. By merely attending meetings, managers buttress their status, while non-attendance can carry with it a certain stigma. Whether individual managers intend to make a contribution or

37、not, it is satisfying to be considered one of those whose views matter. Ostracism, for senior managers, is not being invited to meetings. As one cynic observed, meetings are comfortingly tangible: Who on the shop floor really believes that managers are working when they tour the works? But assemble

38、them behind closed doors and call it a meeting and everyone will take it for granted that they are hard at work. Managers are being seen to earn their corn. Meetings provide managers with another form of comfort toothat of formality. Meetings follow a fixed format: Exchanges are ritualized, the part

39、icipants are probably known in advance, there is often a written agenda, and there is a chance to prepare. Little wonder then, that they come as welcome relief from the upheaval and uncertainty of life outside the meeting room. Managers can draw further comfort from the realization that their peers

40、are every bit as bemused and fallible as themselves. Meetings provide constant reminders that they share the same problems, preoccupations and anxieties, that they are all in the same boat. And for those who may be slightly adrift, meetings are ideal occasions for gently pulling them round. As Steve

41、 Styles, the process control manager (life services) at Legal 答案:C解析 由第二段中的The first is the academic version: Managers are co-ordinating and controlling, making decisions,. 及第三段可知答案为C项。2. Why do managers consider it important to be invited to meetings?A.They can impress their superiors.B.All the imp

42、ortant company decisions are made at meetings.C.It makes them feel that their opinions are of importance to others.D.They can share problems and anxieties.答案:C解析 由文章中的By merely attending meetings,. for senior managers, is not being invited to meetings可知答案为C项。3. According to shop-floor workers, where

43、 do managers really work hard?A.At their desks.B.In meetings.C.On visits to company production areas.D.On business trips.答案:B解析 由文章中的As one cynic observed, meetings are comfortingly tangible:“Who on the shop floor really believes that managers are working. they are hard at work.”可知答案为B项。4. Why are m

44、eetings comforting for the managers who participate in them?A.They can show off their talent.B.They make them feel they belong to a team.C.They are a welcome break from daily routine.D.They are a useful alibi for inaction.答案:B解析 由文章中的Managers can draw further comfort from the realization that. in th

45、e same boat可知答案为B项。5. What, according to the writer, are the essential functions of meetings?A.Planning and controlling company activities.B.Reassuring managers and conferring legitimacy on decisions.C.Asserting authority and judging ones peers.D.Sharing problems and censuring mistakes.答案:D解析 从全文来看，

46、作者认为会议最基本的功能应该是共享问题和谴责错误。故应选D。Text 3 The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders

47、only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhism, which, since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even before the missionary movement really got under

48、 way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded. In part, the very presence of the missionary

49、evoked attack. They were, after all, the first foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a long time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches of the Chinese empire. For many of the indigenous population, the

50、refore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign intrusion could be vented. in part, too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which he made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging battle against

51、 the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentrys traditional monopoly of s

52、ocial leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry, who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals. And they enjoyed an extraterritorial status in

53、 the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever been possessed by the gentry. Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord of prov

54、incial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled. In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, de

55、pended on the active cooperation of the local gentry class. Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activities, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness. 1. In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling

56、 stemmed from _.A.the mere presence of invadersB.a generalized unfocused feelingC.the introduction to the WestD.none of the above答案:A解析文章分析的是近代中国人对基督教的反对及其根源。本题属于细节题，答案对应于第一段第 二句：On the more intangible side. of the Western countries，其中的intangible对应于题句中的vague，而intrusion则对应于A中的invaders。2. The author w

57、ould agree that _.A.many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influenceB.many problems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC.scapegoats perform a necessary function and there should be more of themD.all of the above are true答案:B解析 分析推理题。文章第一段第二句后一分句首先用an external scapegoat(外部的替罪羊)表明作者认为中国内部的混乱与西方没有直接关系，然后用most important. 后的部分指出由于种族优越感的传统，中国人早就对(外来的)佛教不满，只是在17世纪