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1、张岩群英语资料分享目录一、句子成分与基本结构( 包括时态)1二、不定式5三、动词的时态和语态23一般现在时的特例23一般过去时的注意点23一般将来时的注意点24四、非谓语动词24五、复合式谓语27六、动词的虚拟语气30七、状语从句331、时间状语从句332.地点状语从句353、原因状语从句354条件状语从句365让步状语从句366目的状语从句377结果状语从句37一、句子成分与基本结构( 包括时态)张岩群英语资料分享?主 subjectpredicateobject 足 object complement表 predictive定 attributive状 adverbialwarm-up:

2、1)the teacherin the classroom.2)sang many songs and danced happily.3)she attracts.4)many people living in the country. 5)all the books on the desk over there.以上 些形式都不能构成英 句子。英 句子 (sentence)=主 + (核心:主 )i 八大成分的概念和构成if you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.不 雨,怎么 彩虹。the secret of succes

3、s is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.充当主 的形式: 1)名 2)代 3)名 短 4)名 从句 5)数 6)不定式 7) -ing 形式 8)介 短 (少 )形式主 (名 从句,不定式, 名 )( 第六 主 和 )2 :表示主 的行 或 行的活 。i have a dream.you don talways want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。 形式: (英 句子的灵魂)3 :行 或活 的 象,接受者或受影响者。you don tfind oppo

4、rtunities you make them.你找不到机会。你得去 造机会。you probably wonthear opportunity knock if your television is always on.充当 形式:1)名 2)代 3)名 短 4)名 从句5)数 6)不定式7) -ing形式形式 (名 从句,不定式, 名 )( 第六 主 和 )4表 : 明主 的身份和情况。( 跟在系 后)time is money.three o clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.张岩群英语资料

5、分享构成形式: 1)名 2)形容 3)代 4)数 5)不定式 6) ing 形式 7) 去分 8)副 9)介 短10)小品 11)名 从句5 : 充 明。(由 来决定)构成形式: 1)名 2)代 3)形容 4)数 5)不定式6) -ing形式 7) 去分 8)介 短 9)副 小品 10)名 从句主 tom was made monitor.i made tom monitor.表 i am sure to succeed.this is beautiful music.there are only two kinds of music good and bad.自古音 分两种,好的和坏的。构成

6、形式: 1)限定 2)形容 3)名 8)介 短 9)副 10)关系从句4)数 5)不定式6) -ing形式7) 去分 7. 同位 : 被修 象 行 充 明或 一步解 。puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.构成形式: 1)名 2)代 3)名 短 4)数 5)不定式6) -ing形式 7)名 从句8. 状 :修 ,短 ,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。can you feel the love tonight?home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只

7、有出走又回家 ,家才最感 切。2) 接性状 : 接上下文( 序, , 折, 步, 果,推 ,比 )。first comes spring, then summer.i ve never been to america, therefore i dontknow much about it.3) 述性状 :修 整个句子,表示 人的看法或 度。frankly speaking, the food is not very good.英 句子成分歌英 句子八呀八大 ,主 表真呀真 在;张岩群英语资料分享 跟着 表 跑,定 同位( ) 把名 踹。状 的位置它自由自在,忽右忽左随心所欲 。ii 成分关系1

8、 跟着 表 跑: 跟在 和表 的后面构成 和表 。把有 的句子 成被 , 就 成了主 。to love others makes us happy to love ourselves makes us lonely.( )we are made happy to love others we are made lonely to love ourselves.(主 ) 他人使我 幸福,在自己使我 孤 。2定 ,同位( ) 把名 踹:定 ,同位 修 名 性形式experience is the best teacher.(被定 所修 的形式 名 )they are going to melbou

9、rne, the beautiful city in southern australia.(同位 所修 的形式 名 )3 由状 修 when you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won tcome up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所 。1、主 :(1) 由名 、代 ( 人称代 用主格 ) 、 不定式、 名 等充当, 明 作是 “ ” 出的。如: the painter painted a very nice picture.

10、(画家画了一幅漂亮的画。)/ they fought against sars bravely. (他 勇敢地与非典搏斗。)/ to see is to believe. (耳听 虚眼 ). / helping animals is to help people. (帮助 物就是帮助人 。)(2) 不定式或 名 做主 可用 it 代替 , 而不定式或 名 移至表 或 之后。如: it is very comfortable to have a class a seat during the long journey.( 在 途旅行中能有个甲等座位 直太舒服了。) / eating too mu

11、ch is bad for your health.(=it is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多 你的身体不利。)(4) 反意 句的附加 句, 主 必 是代 :the man looks worried,doesnthe? ( 个人看上去很着急不是 ? )/ tigers are dangerous animals, arentthey? (老虎是危 的 物不是 ?)(5) 祈使句一般省略主 。加主 往往用来指定某个人。keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子 保持 的清 。) (省略了主 )/ y

12、ou go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去 我弄一杯水来。)张岩群英语资料分享/ where are they? (他们在哪儿?) / does theboy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)(7) 主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致,而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。neither jim nor rose has passed the exam. (jim和 rose 都没有通过考试。)/ the chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民

13、族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)2、谓语:(1) 由 “不及物动词 ”、 “及物动词 +宾语 ”或 “系动词 +表语 ”等构成 , 说明主语所表示的人物 “干什么 ”或 “怎么样”。如:he travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。/ who teaches you english this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?/ the pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /)(2) 谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:情态动词+时态助动词+语态助动词+主要动词( 不一定全

14、部出现) 。( 见动词的时态和语态构成表)记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:i am sorry i am making so much noise but i have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。)/ he canthave finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800 页的小说。 )/ something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)二、不定式不定式作宾语以下动词后,只能跟不定式作

15、宾语。如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接that 引导的从句。如:i decided to ask for my money back.张岩群英语资料分享i decided that i would ask for my money back.即:主语动词 it 补语 to do 句式。如:we think it quiteimportant for

16、 us to learn a foreignlanguage well.he feels it his duty to help the poor.介词 but,except,besides+to do(do)在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带 to 的不定式;如无 do,则接 to 不定式,即带 do 不带 to , 带 to 不带 do。如:the enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.on sunday afternoon i had nothing to do but watch tvit is +adj.+ to do s

17、th句型itis difficultforus tofinishwritingthe compositionina quarterof an hour. it be形容词 of sb to doit is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.it seems(appears)形容词 to doit seemed impossible to save money.impossible,necessary等;张岩群英语资料分享stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。 在不定式前的 sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相

18、当于sb is 形容词 to do 句式 ,如: itskind of you to help me with my english.=you are kind to helpme with my english.2.动词+to do (作宾语)动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一个名词即可,能用此结构的动词有:决心 decide determin 学会 learn 想 want 希望 expect wish hope,拒绝 refuse 设法manage strive 愿 care 假装 pretend,主动 ofer 答应 promise 选 choose另外再加

19、上 afford to do sth 承担的起3. 在一些动词之后,可以在连接代词(what/w ho/w hich)或者连接副词(how /w hen/where)以及 whether 后面接一个带 to 的动词不定式。这 种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。张岩群英语资料分享i wonder who t o i nvi t e. ( = show us what t o do. ( =whatwho ishoul d i nvi t e)we mustdo)idontknow whet her t o answerhi s l et t er .( =此处不用 i f )4. . 不定式作宾

20、语时, 如带有宾语补足语, 则要把不定式放到后面, 用 i t 作形式宾语,构成 主语+动词+i t +宾补( 形容词, 名词) +不定式hef oundi tver ydi f f i cul tt ogett osl eep.他发现很难入睡.张岩群英语资料分享句型四:形容词 + to do sthofsb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用,modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词it is wise of you not to agree with you.it is generous of him to lend me h

21、is car,不定式作状语作目的状语张岩群英语资料分享在 种句式中不定式部分可 so that,in order that,成 目的状 从句,如:i stayed there sothat (in order that)i could see whatwould happen.(3) 在部分表示感情色彩的形容 、 去分 或 之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。we are glad to hear the news.i was surprised to see that a thr

22、ee-year-old baby could write sowell.在部分形容 后接不定式,用主 形式表示被 意 , 种句型中的主 是不定式的 。( too 修 glad to have ,相当 于 very )we have too much to learn.我 要学的太多了(不定式作定 )。too.to的用法一、 too. to.的意 too.to句型形式上是肯定的,但是它在意 上却是否定的,表示太而不能 。too的后面接形容 或副 的原 ,to的后面接 原形。 too.to.句型是 句。张岩群英语资料分享例如:he is too young to join the army.他年龄

23、太小,不能参军。二、动词不定式的逻辑主语动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时,the maths problem is too difficult for me to work out.这道数学题太难我解不出来。三、 too. to.结构表达肯定的意义1. too 前面含有表示否定意义的词,如: not,never,nothing 等时,too. to.结构不表示否定的意义。例如:itis never too old to learn.活到老,学到老。 ( 要学永远都不迟。 )2.如果在 too.to.这种结构的前面出现了only,不仅免去了 too的否定意义,反而加

24、强了 too 的肯定语气, only too相当于 very或 very much 。例如:3. too 后接表示感情的形容词,如glad,pleased,happy, sad 等时,too. to.句型不再表示否定意义,而表示的是肯定意义。例如:张岩群英语资料分享he is too sad to hear the bad news.听到这个不幸的消息他太悲伤了。四、 too. to.结构与 enough.to.结构及 so. that.结构的相互转换1.将 too.to.结构转换为 enough. to.结构时,要注意:(1) enough 前的形容词或副词应是 too 前面形容词或副词的反

25、义词;(2) enough. to.句式须用否定式;(3) too. to.结构有逻辑主语时,enough. to.结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如:she is too young to do the work. = she isnt old enough to do the work.the problem is too hard for him to work out.= the problem isnteasyenough for him to work out.2.将 too.to.结构转换为 so. that.结构时,要注意:(1) so.that.结构是复合句, so 的后面接形容词或

26、副词的原级,that的后面接从句。张岩群英语资料分享(2) that 后面的从句要用否定形式。例如:she is too young to go to school.= she is so young thatshe cantgo to school.请同学们做做下列中考题,以便检验你对too. to.用法的掌握情况。变换下列句型:1. a. the box is so heavy that i cant carry it.b. the box is _ heavy_ _ _ carry.c. the box is not _ _ for me to carry.2. a. the maths

27、 problem isnt easy enough for me to work out.b. the maths problem is _ difficult _ i cant work it out.c. the maths problem is _ difficult _ _ work out.3. a. the book is interesting enough foreverybody to read.b. the book is _ interesting_ everybody likes toreadit.keys: 1. b. too, for me to c. light

28、enough张岩群英语资料分享2. b. so, that c. too, for me to3. b. so, that尽管有被动含义,却仍 用主动语态(例);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例)。(4) 不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例 to arrive=that will arrive 。作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,w

29、ant,warn,wish等。如:would you like me to give your regards to mary? i want you to understand the whole passage clearly.如:believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。we all believe john(to be)honest.张岩群英语资料分享 i consider him(

30、to be)one of the best biology teachers of no. 1middle school.但当不定式是完成式时,to 不能省略,如: weconsiderhim tohave beenfoolish.(3) 感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to 。 i didnt hear anyone say anything about it.they make the students do too much homework every day.这种句式在变为被动语态时, to 不能省略,如第句:thestudents are made to dotoo mu

31、ch homework every day.(4)help,know 后面的 to 可有可无。如: would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform? ive never known her(to)be late before.wait for,long for(渴望),prepare for,wish for等。to do him justice(说句对他公道的话), to be sure(真的)等等。不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;to be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.m

32、y chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.what i would suggest is to put off the meeting.二、作宾语动名词作宾语张岩群英语资料分享以下 后,只能接 名 作 ,如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,dont mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如:i suggest sp

33、ending our summer vacation in a seaside town.you must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. 名 作介 的 i should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.what about inviting li jun to make a speech? 名 前的介 有 可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing,have notrouble(in)doin

34、g,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop(from)doing,there is nouse(in)doing等。部分 后面,既可接 不定式,也可接 名 作 ,意 不 。如: begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。在 need,require,want 后接 -ing 形式,表示被 意 ,也可接不定式,但要用被 形式,如: your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like 接不定式表示特定的未来事件,张岩群英

35、语资料分享接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下, 一般要用不定式:hate,like,love前有 would(should)时,如: idliketo have a cup ofcoffee.当谓语动词 begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如: thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult mathsproblem. begin,continue,start 与 know,understand 等状态动词连用时,如: i soon began tounderstand what was happen

36、ing.advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。如:our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake.our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake.部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。如:dont forget fo post the letter for me.have you f

37、orgotten meeting her in beijing airport?remember to close the windows before you leave.i remember writing him a letter a year ago.张岩群英语资料分享we regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.they regretted ordering these books from abroad.mean to do打算做某事doing意味着i meant to catc

38、h up with the early bus.this means wasting a lot of money. try to do 法尽力做某事doing 着做某事you should try to overcome your shortcomings.try working out the physics problem in another way.stop to do停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状 )doing停止做某事on the way to the airport,i stopped to buy a paper.youd better stop arguing an

39、d do as you are told.cant help doing禁不住to do 不能帮助干they couldnt help jumping up at the news.sorry i have lots of work to do.so i cant help to make up the room for you.go on to do做不同的事或不同内容的事doing 不停地做某事,指同一 作的 张岩群英语资料分享he went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。well go on fighting so long as

40、 there is oppression inthe world.leave off to do离开某地去干什么(目的状语)doing 停下某事its time to leave off talking and to start acting.they left off to go fishing.三、做表语动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例)。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例)时,或以what 引导的名词性分句(例),不定 式说明主语的内容。

41、our work is serving the people.what he likes is taking a walk after supper.the story told by mr.wang is interesting.句动名词作表语, 与主语部分可以转换, 如 serving thepeople is outwork,而句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。四、作定语张岩群英语资料分享 名 作定 this passag e can be used as listening materials.the r

42、eading room of our school library can hold 800people. all moving bodies have energy.句 名 作定 明一种性能,即:用来的;第句 在分 作定 ,如: the man standing at the school gate is professor hua. 不定式、 名 的其它用法疑 不定式 构疑 who,what,which,when,where,whether,how 后可接不定式构成不定式短 ,在句中作主 、 、表 等。如:when to leave for london has not been deci

43、ded yet.mr. smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. i asked professor xu how to learn english well.the question was whereto get the medicine needed.以上例句中疑 不定式部分,均可 相 的从句形式。如: when we shall leave how i could learn张岩群英语资料分享hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。动词不定式的时态、语态(1) 时态一般式:动词不定式

44、一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生。如:i hope to become a university student this year.(tobecome 发生在hope 之后)we often hear dick play the piano in the next room.(play 和 hear同时发生)完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:im sorry to have kept you waiting.we are too young to have seen the old society.进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如:the te

45、acher happened to be correcting our papers when icame in.they seemed to be discussing something important.(2) 语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:its a great honour to be invited to marys birthday party.(不定式作主语)it was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)i wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作宾语)张岩群英语资料分享can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定语)he went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作状语)在 there be 结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如: there are still many thing

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