宏观经济学政策提高生产率

1、由于资源是稀缺的，把资源用于生产资本或用于消费人们面临权衡取舍资本品 o资本品0资本存量资本存量是已投入企业的各类 资本的总和。是指经济社会在 某一时点上的资本总量。资本存量生产率和GDP你肚子很饿了，你只有钱可以买5个 馒头吃，那么这5个馒头的作用是否 相等？第一个馒头的边际效益最大，因为你那时候 最饿，最需要，你多花一点钱也愿意买； 第二个的边际效益就递减了，因为有1个馒 头进肚了不是那么饿了。第五个的边际效 益最小，因为那个时候你几乎已经快饱了， 馒头如果卖的贵的话，你一定不会买了。 每支出1个馒头的价钱产生的效益，也就是 你感觉花钱买来的价值。从第一个向最后 一个递减！这就是边际效益了

2、。投资的边际效率：投资收益的增量与投资增量的比率，简称 MEL如果我们以R代表投资收益，以I代表投资，则有：MEI = AR/AI上式表明，投资的边际效率MEI是投资总收益的一阶导数,或者说MEI是投资总收益曲线上任一点切线的斜率。如果以投资规模I为横座标，以投资收益R为纵座标，则投资总收益TR是一条向右上方倾斜、凹向横轴的曲线：o千效应开始时贫穷的国家倾向于比开始时富裕的国 增长更快的特征。收追赶效应的例子从1960年到1990年，美国和韩国用于投资 的GDP份额相似，因此你会预期它们有相 似的增长表现但韩国的经济增长率6%而美国只有2%解释：追赶效应比较：增长率，生产率，收入Do you

3、knowWhy many countr ies carry out the policies of free trade ?Purpose1. Productivity 2. living standardPolicies of Free Trade自由贸易(Free Trade)是指国家取消对进出口贸易的限制和障碍，取消本国进出口商 品各种优待和特权，对进出口商品不加干涉 和限制，使商品自由进出口，在国内市场上 自由竞争的贸易政策。而自由贸易是提高生产率的重要因素之一。The advantages of Free trade1v通过国际分工和交换，一国可以获得竞争效应 和学习效应等各种效应，

4、从而促进就业扩大、收入 提高，推动产业升级换代、提高劳动生产率和经济的持续增长儡严低的价格获得自身所稀缺的获得稀缺物资T投入到生产T提高生产率GeographyAmer icanAfrican投资增加可以提高长期经济增长率residents country tosavi ng by domest i c is not only way for a invest in new capitaiInvestment of Abroad海外投资1 海外投资的形式和目的2 海外投资对经济指标的影响3 海外投资如何提高生产力4 海外投资与国内政策Forms And Purpose外国直接投资(foreig

5、n direct investment)外国有价证券投资(foreign portfolio investment)投资目的:期望获得投资收益(earn areturn on their investment)INFLUENCE and HOW对GDP与GNP的影响不同 Increase the economy s stock of capital（资本存量） Bring in advanced technology （先进技术）Pol icy优惠政策限制政策世贸组织对各国经济政策的影响Total factor productivity growth in a countrys economy

6、 and economic development, and with a central role in many implications of the total-factor productivity factors, human s and human capital as a relatively rich country or region, often with greater innovation and absorb new tech nologies, new ideas, which has a direct impact productivity levels.Hum

7、an capital is the econo mists term for the kno wledge and skills that workers acquire through education,training,and experience.Making good use of human capital to improve productivity1970-1993 year, the developed country high-tech industry all large scale grows in the manufacturing industry share a

8、nd the export share1970199319701993The US 25.9%37.3%Japan20.2%35.7%18.2%24.2%16.4%22.2%1970199319701993Germany 15.8%21.4%England17.1%32.6%15.3%20.1%16.4%22.2%As early as in the late 70s, the countries of the world especially in developed countries in the west have been started to get a variety of me

9、asures to promote the development of human capital, its core focus on the following two aspects:Control the popuI at ion growth, and impIement family planning to improve the effects of productivity控制人口增长，实行计划生育，对提高生产力的影 响The advarrtages of this policy1. controlling the popuI ation quantity, improv i

10、 ng the popu I at ion qua I ity,（扌空制人 口数量，提高了人口素质）2. Controlling the popuI ation quantity, controI the reasonabIe d i stribution of the resources（控制人口数量，控制了资源的合理分配）3. Controlling the popuI ation quantity, reduce ra i s i ng, educat i on expend i ture, promote and improve the national standard of living（控制人口数量，减少抚养，教育各项 开支，促进国民生活水平提高）Is the policy good for improve productivity?1. PopuI at i on stab Ie and ba IanceddeveI opment is to ach i eve rap i d economic deveI opment, and build a well-off soc i ety i n an effect