初高中衔接英语词性的分类导学案

1、【讲一讲】英语词性的分类及用法初高中衔接英语词性的分类导学案country countries factory factories dictionarydictionaries (4) 以 o 结尾的名词加“s” :learning content: the classification and use of english words (英语词性的分类及用法) learning aims: know the different parts of speech(词性) and be able to use them correctly.【考一考】用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. li na is

2、 an outstanding tennis _ (play).有生命的物体加“es” : potatopotatoes tomatotomatoeshero-heroes 英雄 negronegroes 黑人(5) 以 f、fe 结尾的名词,变 f、fe 为 v 再加“es” :halfhalves shelfshelves knifeknives leafleaves 复数的不规则变化：2. anna had a fever yesterday, so she was _ (able) to go to school. man-men womanwomen toothteeth footf

3、eet goosegeese mousemice 3. the movie was interesting, but grace was not _ (interest) in it.4. thanks to your _ (suggest), i got to complete the job in time. chinese-chinese japanese japanese deer-deer fish-fish sheep-sheep5. it is always _ (sun) here in winter.6. emily used to be short, but now she

4、 is much _ (tall).7. i was so hungry that i had a _ (three) bowl of rice.8. we cant go out to have a picnic because it is raining _ (heavy) outside.9. justin biebers first single, one time, is about one of his favorite _ (topic), puppy love. 10. niushou hill is an area of natural _ (beautiful). it a

5、ttracts lots of tourists every spring.概述 英语的词类英语的词类通常可以分为十大类：1 名词 n. teacher, book 。表示人或事物的名称 。2 代词 pron. we ,me, he 等。 代替名词或数词。3 数词 num. two, fifth 等。表示数目或顺序4 动词 v. work, study, live 等。 表示动作或状态 在句中可做谓语。5 形容词 adj. good, big, beautiful 等。表示人或事物的性质或状态，6 副词 adv . fast, quickly 表示动作特征或形状特征7 冠词 art. a, a

6、n, the 表示名词的泛指或特指8 介词 prep. in, on,by,with9 连词 conj. and,if, but 连接词，短语，句子10 感叹词 interj. oh, ah，my god! 表示说话者的感情或口气一、名词a man doctor men doctors a woman teacher-women teachers注意：german-germans(德国人)（三）名词的句法功能1 在句中作主语 this book is very useful.2 作表语 my brother is a worker.3 作宾语或宾语补足语 we made tom our mon

7、itor.4 作定语 he got three gold medals at 23rd olympic games.5 作状语 the meeting lasted two hours.6 作同位语 mr. smith,our leader, is speaking now.【练一练】用所给的名词的适当形式填空1.a group of _(sheep) are eating _(grass) and _(leaf) at the foot of the hill. 2.there are a few _ (people) in the room.3. i want two _ (glass)

8、of _ (milk).4. i have a lot of _ (money) in my pocket.5. people wear shoes on their _ (foot).6. the _ (woman) teachers are playing basketball.7. the first room is the _ (teacher) office.8. those _ (child) are playing football outside.9. the doctor has saved a lot of _ (life).10. there are five _ (pe

9、ar) trees in the yard.11. this isnt my book, but my _ (brother).（一）名词的分类专有名词人名，地名，机构名 china，london，helen12.there are some _ (sheep) in the field.二. 代词名词普通名词个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词cup, apple,studentpolice, family, teamwater, rice, cottonlove, work, success可数名词不可数名词（一） 含义：用来代替名词或名词短语的词。（二） 分类：按 意 义 特 征 和 语 法

10、 功 能 可 分 为 人 称 代 词 、 物 主 代 词 、 反 身 代 词 、 相互代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词等 9 类。（三）. 分类讲解：1. 人称代词：形 式主 语 i you he she it we you （ 你 们 ） they 宾 语 me you him her it us you （ 你 们 ） them（二）名词复数的变化规则变化：2. 物主代词的用法：(1) 一般在复数名词后加“s”: 如： dog dogs book books(2) 以 s、x、ch、sh 结尾的名词加“es”：box boxes watch watches (3)以辅

11、音字母加 y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i 加“es” :形容词性的物主代词：my our your your his her its theirs 名词性的物主代词： mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs 3. 指示代词： this these that those it4. 不定代词 只修饰可数名词: many, a number of few, a few1 / 4只修饰不可数名词: much , little , a little初高中衔接英语词性的分类导学案3. eating too much isnt good _ your health

12、.修饰可数名词、不可数名词: a lot of= lots of some any复合不定代词由 every, some, any, no 与 thing, body, one 构成复合不定代词5. 反身代词： 反身代词表自身，句中可作两成分：表示强调同位语，宾语动作回自身。单数： myself yourself himself herself itself复数： ourselves yourselves themselves6、 疑问代词 有 who，whom，whose，what 和 which 等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般 都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：who is

13、 going to come here tomorrow? （作主语） what is that? (作表语)7. .关系代词 关系代词是引导定语从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 例如：i hate people who talk much but do little.im looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.【练一练】用适当的代词填空1. she has lost _ pen. will you lend her _?2. - exc

14、use _! is this bike yours? - no, it isnt _. i think it is li lei.- yes, its _.3. they have got _ ready for the football match.4. lily looks unhappy. _ must have happened to her.5. theres _ time left. we must hurry.6. how _ did you pay for the trousers?3. “help _ to some fruit.” mother said to the ch

15、ildren.4. they enjoyed _ at the party yesterday.5. we couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money on us.6. id been expecting _letters the whole morning, but there werent _ for me.三. 介词（一）. 含义：又称前置词，是一种虚词。介词不能单独做句子成分。介词后须接宾语，介词与其 宾语构成介词短语。（二）：介词的分类：从其构成来看可以分为1、 简单介词（simple prepositions） 如

16、：at ,by, for, in, from, since, through 等；2、 复合介词（compound prepositions） 如：onto, out of, without, towards 等；3、 短语介词（phrasal prepositions） because of, instead of, on account of, in spite of, in front of； （三）常见介词的基本用法1、with 和一起, 拿着 2、 about 关于 3、 after 在之后 4、across 横过 5. along 沿着 6、in 在里 on 在上面 under 在

17、下面7、near 在附近 8、of 的 9、before 在之前10、behind 在后面 11、by 到时 12、during 在期间 13、except 除了4. i dont know which is the way _ the park.5. he prefers playing football _ playing basketball.6. _ mr wangs help, i have passed the exam.7. the students walked _ the gates with uncle wang.8. im sorryi wont talk to othe

18、rs in class _ now on.9. im afraid hell fall _ the bike.10. _ the end of the road youll see the hospital四 形容词（一）含义：用以修饰名词，表示事物的特征的词。e.g. long, empty, cheap, hungry, etc. （二）形容词在句子中的作用：形容词在句子中可定语、表语、宾语补足语、状1). she is a brave girl and she can do anything. brave 在句中作_2). who lets the door open? open 在句中

19、作_3). i went to bed, hungry. hungry 在句中作_4). the classroom is clean. clean 在句中作_（三）多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序常用顺序为:限定词-外观-形状-年龄-颜色-国家-材料.e.g. the little white wooden house smells as if it hasnt been lived in for years.这座白色的木头小房子似乎很多年没有人住过了五副词（一） 含义：用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词、全句或名词词组及句子的词。 如：very, early, out, soon, quickly

20、, fast, late etc.（二） 用法：如： my mother is out. 作_the girl there is my friend. 作_h e runs fast. 作_h found him outside. 作_（三）. 形容词变为副词：quickquickly, truetruly, happyhappily, possiblepossibly.（四）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级1)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。如，he is getting taller and taller.他变得越来越高了。the flowers are more and more

21、beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。2）“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越，越”。如，the more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make.你越认真，犯的错误越少。 【练一练】用所给词的适当形式填空1. the weather is getting _ (warm) and _ (warm).2. africa is the second _ continent. (large)14、for 为了15、from 从 16、to ,at 朝方向3. the night was very _, so he had to take of

22、f his shoes _(quiet).17、over 在正上方 18、round/around 围绕 19、towards 朝着 20、 against 反对【练一练】用适当的介词填空1. you can buy some school things _ your way home. 2. what are you talking _ ?4. can you play ping pang _(good)?4. the war broke out between the two countries after an _(friend) talk. 6.in fact, the _ (busy

23、 )he is , the_ (happy)he feels.六连词2 / 4（一）、 连词定义: 用来连接词、短语或句子的词。（二）、 连词分类：1. 并列连词：并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：(1)表并列关系的 and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor 等。 (2)表选择关系的 or, eitheror 等。(3)表转折关系的 but, while 等。初高中衔接英语词性的分类导学案语态 主语指动作的发生者或承受者 we study english .the road was filled with rubbish

24、.语气 说话人表达事实，要求，愿望等 i wish i could fly.英语动词是句子的核心。它既决定着句子意思的表达同时又决定着句子的语法结构。可见掌握动 词的用法在英语学习中是十分重要的。(三) 分清及物，不及物动词:a及物动词后面必须跟宾语。如：he reached paris the day before yesterday.please hand me the book over there.they asked me to go fishing with them.(4)表因果关系的 for, so 等。2. 从属连词-用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：(1)引导时间状语从句的

25、after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as 等。 (2)引导条件状语从句的 if, unless 等。(3) 引导原因状语从句的 because, as, since 等。(4) 引导目的状语从句的 so that, in order that 等。(5) 引导让步状语从句的 though, although, even if 等。(6) 引导结果状语从句的 so that, sothat, suchthat 等。(7) 引导比较状语从句的 than, asas 等。(8) 引导宾语从句的 that, if ,

26、whether 等。【练一练】用适当的连词填空1. he can speak english_ chinese.1. physics is not so easy, _i like it very much.2. will tom wait for her at home _ at the library?3. _we got home it was very late.4. i cant sleep well at night, _i often feel very tired in the day.5. study hard, _ you will fall behind.b不及物动词后面

27、不跟宾语。 如：this is the room where i once lived.类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, fail, c既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。如 begin 都是作开始讲。everybody is here , our game begins. let us begin our game. 类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, rea

28、d, learn, pay, hurt, improve.（四） 动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。 规则动词的过去式过去分词都以-ed 结尾，不规则动词的变化是没有规律的，大体上有 aaa，abb, abc，aba 等类型。如 put-put-put, buy-bought-bought, drive-drove-driven, come-came-come.具体要 根据每册书最后几页的不规则动词表来记忆。（必修一 p103）（四） 系动词及其用法总结系动词亦称连系动词 ，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语， 构成系表结构说

29、明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有 be 一词，例如：he is a teacher. （is 与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2） 持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, he always kept silent at meeting.3） 表“像”系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如：he looks tired. 他看起来很累。7.youll be late _ you dont get up early tomorrow

30、 morning. he seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。8.i didnt buy the dictionary yesterday _ my aunt would give me one.七动词（一） 分类：a) 按 用 法 分 ， 动 词 可 分 为 四 类 ： 实 义 动 词 、 系 动 词 、 助 动 词 、 情 态 动 词 。 b)根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类：及物动词 vt.，不及物动词 vi.c) 按句法功能分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。谓语动词即能做谓语的动词。例: he writes well .非谓语动词即不能做谓语的动词，但它具有动词的一

31、些特征。 例：he likes reading . / the cup is broken ./ it takes me 20 minutes to go to school .非谓语动词有着动词不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。（二）初步了解：谓语动词形式 意义人称 与主语在人称上一致 i am reading now.4）感官系动词 主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：this kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。5）变化系动词 主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come

32、, run.he became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有 prove, trun out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如： the rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。his plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out 表终止性结果）【练一练】用所给动词的适当形式填空1. it _ (take) me i hours _ (do) my homework last night.2. she _ swimming to skating last year. (pr

33、efer)3. he _ up smoking last year. (give) he _ for about a year. (not smoke)4. she often _ a blue skirt last year. (wear)5. listen! someone _ a song. (sing)6. spring in china _ from february to april. (last)数 与主语在数上一致he writes well .构词法时态 表示动作发生的时间 he wrote a story last week.3 / 4英语中常见的构词法有合成、派生和转化。

34、初高中衔接英语词性的分类导学案(7)un-“不”，如：unfit, unfair, unknown 等。（一）派生：在词根上加后缀或前缀构成新词。 （二）合成：由两个或更多的词合成一个词。1 常见的后缀： 名词后缀：(1)-er,-or 表示“动作者，人”，如：leader, teacher, singer, actor, visitor, monitor等。 (2)-ese 表示“语言，人”，如：chinese, japanese 等。(3)-ian 表示“人”，如 musician, politician, russian 等。如： 1 合成名词：bookcase, classroom,

35、dining-room, classmate, housework 等。 2 合成形容词：seasick, ever-green, good-looking, snow-white, hard-working 等。 3 合成动词：overcome, dumbfound, white-wash 等。4 合成副词：however, whenever, maybe, beforehand 等。5 合成代词：himself, everyone, nobody, anything 等。(4)-ist 表示“人, 主义者”，如：scientist, artist, communist, socialist

36、 等。 （三）转化：由一种词类转化为另一种或几种词类。如：(5) -ment 表示“运动，结果”，如：development, movement, government 等。(6) -ness 表示“状态，性质”，如：kindness, darkness, weakness, happiness, illness 等。 (7)-sion 表示“动作，状态”，如：discussion, possession, permission 等。(8)-tion 表示“动作，状态”，如: action, pronunciation, instruction, education, liberation 等

37、。 (9)-al 表示“动作，过程”， 如：arrival, signal 等。(10)-dom 表示“状态，职位，领域或身份”，如：freedom, kingdom, wisdom 等。 (11)-age 表示“状态，身份，地点，场所”，如：advantage, average, baggage, voyage 等。 (12)-ess 附在名词后，表示“女性的，雌性的”，如：actress, waitress 等。 (13)-ics 表示“学科名”，如: mathematics, physics, polities 等。1 you must wash your hands before ea

38、ch meal. (hands 为名词) 2 he took off his cap and handed it to me. （handed 为动词） 3 you must try to catch up with others. (try 为动词)4 have a try and you might succeed. (try 为名词)5 the sports meet was held two days ago. (meet 为名词)6 they often meet here in the afternoon. （meet 为动词）7 he was lying on his back

39、in the sun. （back 为名词）8 he came back before supper yesterday. (back 为副词)9 they came on through the back door. (back 为形容词)(14)-ing 表示“动作，动用的过程，动作的结果”，如：building, living, feeling, shopping 等。 【练一练】：根据句意，用所给单词的适当形式填空。(16)-ship 表示“状态，性质，身份”，如：citizenship, friendship, relationship 等。1. its _for him to co

40、me late; he is always punctual (准时). (usual)(17)-th 附在部分形容词之后，表示“状态，程度，过程，性质”，如：breath, death, depth, growth, 2. its _for him to pay extra money; all the expenditures (花费) are included. (necessary)length, strength, truth, warmth 等。 形容词后缀：(1) -al 表示“的”，如: national, chemical, political 等。(2) -an 表示“（地

41、，人）的”，如：african, asian, american, italian 等。(3) -ble 表示“能够”，如：reasonable, valuable, unforgettable, enjoyable 等。(4) -ern 表示“方向”，如：southern, northern, eastern, western 等。(5) -ful 表示“充满”，如：beautiful, careful, harmful, successful, mouthful, spoonful 等。 (6)-ive 表示“性，倾向”，如：active, expensive, native, relat

42、ive, protective 等。 (7)-less 表示“无（反义词后缀）”，如：careless, harmless, useless 等。(8) -y 表示“充满，性质”，如: rainy, windy, snowy, cloudy, lucky, dirty等。(9) -ly 表示“像的，有性质的”，如：daily, friendly, lively, lonely, lovely等。 (13)-en 表示“由制（构）成的”，如: wooden, golden 等。(14)-some 表示“易于的，有倾向的”，如：tiresome, troublesome 等。 (15)-ous 表示“的”，如：famous, mountainous, continuou