英语专业毕业论文

1、table of contentsabstract -1摘要 - 1i. introduction -3ii. the differences of table manners in china and western countries -31. the etiquettes of seat arrangement -32. the etiquettes of tableware use - 53. the etiquettes of dish order between china and western countries-74. the etiquettes differences d

2、uring the dinner-85. the etiquettes of leaving seat after the dinner- 9iiithe reasons for the differences of chinese and western table manners -101. the different cultural connotations between china and western countries-102. the different thinking patterns between china and western countries-103. t

3、he different values between china and western countries-10iv. conclusion -11bibliography -12 共3964字 共11页the differences of table manners between china and western countriesabstractthere are great differences of table manners between china and western countries because of cultural diversity. the pass

4、age mainly discusses the details of the table manners in china and western countries, at the same time, it tells about the reasons for table manners in china and western countries due to diverse culture. as we all know, having dinner is not only a demand of physiology, but also a kind of social cont

5、act experience, table manners are important for everyone. it plays a vital role in peoples daily life, but there are many differences in china and western countries, a good master of table manners can give you an elegant dinner. so knowing more about cultural diversity can cause less misunderstandin

6、g, that is to say, people can get a better understanding through it. in a long run, it will do huge help for both china and western countries. since the importance of tables manners is not far to seek, we should pay attention to it.key words: china and western country, table manners difference, comp

7、arison, reason 摘 要由于不同的文化差异，不同的思维模式，不同的价值观，中西方餐桌礼仪存在着较大的差异。该论文主要论述了中西方餐桌礼仪的一些差异, 并且论述了造成这些差异的一些原因。众所周知，用餐不单是满足基本生理需要, 也是头等重要的社交经验。餐桌礼仪对你我都非常重要，它在中国人的生活秩序中占有一个非常重要的地位。而中西餐在礼仪方面的要求也有许多差别，了解了两者的不同防止失礼于人。因此，了解更多的文化差异可以减少更多的误解，即通过了解更多的文化之间的差异人们可以得到更好的交流。长远看来，这对中西方都有巨大的帮助。既然餐桌仪的重要性家喻户晓，我们对之应该加以注意。关键词：中西方

8、餐桌礼仪差异 比较 原因 .introductionthere are a number of differences of table manners between china and western countries due to different natural surroundings and ways of labor in china and western countries. our country has a long and profound history of diet culture. according to the document, the table m

9、anners of diet have formed a perfect system since zhou dynasty. these etiquettes are gradually mature and refined, and they played an important role in ancient society. in 20th, the culture in italy flew into the france, the table manners and words of orders became elegant and refined. to these days

10、, the table manners remain to spread in european countries. with the culture in western countries emerging in china, the traditional etiquettes in china are shocked by the etiquettes in western countries. protecting the traditional etiquettes in china and combining them with the etiquettes in wester

11、n countries contributes to the cross communication in china and western countries.ii. the differences of chinese and western table manners1. the etiquettes of seat arrangement1.1 the etiquettes of dinner table in china during the dinner in china, the round tables are very popular. the small banquet

12、made up of two tables is a form of horizontal row of two tables or it is a vertical row of two tables. when two tables are in a vertical row, the table farthest from the door is the main table. the banquet made up of three or more tables should pay attention to the rules, such as “faade fixing a pos

13、ition”, and it should consider the distance from the main table. usually, the closer it is from the main table, the higher the position is. where a guest is seated depends on his age, social status and so on. taking the left for upper, it is the traditional custom in china. it means the left seat is

14、 higher than the right one. the guest of honor should be arranged on the left of the host .as you go to the seat; you should go left from the chair. you dont make any noise, and you dont get up and walk around; if you have something, greeting to your master. in the past, chinese advocated south, eas

15、t and the left. with the times going on, the view of position has changed. it does not only pass down the tradition, but also use some views of western counties for reference. the guests should be arranged on the right of the host.at present, when people hold meetings or take a group of photos, they

16、 are affected by this rule. chinese entertained guests using the eight-immortal table in tradition. the seat facing to the door is the seat of honor, while the others are seated aside. the older, the guest of honor, the higher-level is seated in the upper seat, and the hosts sit at the lower seat. t

17、he other guests are seated in order. when there are more than one table, the host and the hostess seat together in the main table. the distance from the main table decides the position of these people. the closer the distance is, the more important the guest is. the main table is a standard. the lef

18、t table is higher than the right one; the close table is higher than the far one. the middle table is higher than the one place aside.1.2 the etiquettes of dinner table in western countries during the dinner in western countries, people prefer to the long table. on an informal dinner, the order of s

19、eat is as follows: the female and male hosts sit at the side of the table, and the guests sit at the bilateral of table. in an informal banquet, the rule “lady first” should be followed. if there are only two person (one man and one lady) having a meal, the man should invite the lady to sit on his r

20、ight, and he should avoid allowing the lady to sit on the side of passageway crowed with people. if there are two couples having a dinner, the wives should take the seat closer to the wall, and the husbands should sit right in front of their wives. if there are two men and one lady having a meal, th

21、e lady should take a seat between two men. if there are two people with same sex having a meal, the position closer to the wall should be the elders. besides, the man should remove the seat for the lady. if there are no place cards, the hostess will tell guests where she would like them to sit. gues

22、ts setting would be arranged with men and women alternating on either side. the host leads the way for the guest. the hostess is always the last to go into the dining room. women sit down as soon as they find their place, even though the hostess remains standing until everyone is at his or her chair

23、. men do not sit down until the hostess is seated. when there is more than one table, the host should sit at one table and the hostess at another. a good friend may be asked to act as agent host at another table and see that wine is served or plates are refilled. furthermore, husbands and wives are

24、usually separated at the dinner. since they have the opportunity to talk together all the time, having a different dinner partner offers the chance for comfortable conversation with people other than their own spouses .when you are seated, your feet should be under your chair, and you cant make them

25、 arbitrarily straight, and your elbows shall not lean on the table, not putting your arms on the chair next to you.2 .the etiquettes of tableware use2.1the display and use of chinese table wares2.1.1 the principles of chopsticks the table wares are simple; chopsticks are the most important table war

26、es in chinese meal. before the dinner, the chopsticks must be put on the right side of the bowl in a good order. after the dinner, the chopsticks must be put in middle of the bowl in a vertical row. no matter whether there are remain food on the chopsticks, never lick it. when talking with a person,

27、 you should put them down; dont insert them into the food. if you want to pick vegetable, the public chopsticks are the best choice, and you can send the meat dishes to the guests and the elders far from the food, which is a fine tradition. the dish is served one by one. if the leaders and the elder

28、s are at the dinner, they should get a start, so that the host can express their respect to them. 2.1.2 the principles of spoons the spoons are used for eating soup, sometimes it can be used for getting food with small size. when you get food with it, dont make your spoon full, and it will pollute t

29、he dinner table or your clothes. after fetching the food with spoon, you should eat it at once. if the food is too hot, you can put and cool it in your bowl, never blow it with your mouth, and you cant put the spoon in your mouth. all in all, you should remember if you dont know how to use knife and

30、 fork, you can observe others behaviors. 2.1.3 the principles of dish the plate is usually used for holding the food; the plate should be different according to different sizes and shapes of food. the smaller plate is used for food plate; generally, it should be placed on the left of bowl, which is

31、used for holding food getting from the public plate. when you are using food plate, dont get too much food for a time. different dishes shouldnt be put together, in case of mixed favor. the residue bone and sting should be put in the food plate, and you should spit them on the food plate, and you sh

32、ould put it on the side of plate with chopsticks.2.1.4 the principles of glass the glass is for holding water, soft drink, fruit juice, and so on. dont hold wine with it. it should be put on the left and up side of the plate. 2.1.5 the principles of napkin before the dinner, the particular host and

33、restaurant will prepare a wet cloth for the guests, and it is used for wiping hands, after this, the waiters will take it away. at times, before the end of the banquet, a wet towel will be provided, which is used for wiping mouth, but face and sweat.2.1.6 the principles of toothpick when picking tee

34、th, you should hide your mouth with one hand; the thing you picked shouldnt be enjoyed or put into mouth again. after picking teeth, you shouldnt hold the toothpick in your mouth for a long time.2.2 the display and use of western table wares2.2.1 the principles of displaying and fetching table wares

35、 the table wares in western countries are served by the hosts or servants before the dinner, you can follow the rule from outside to inside. you should make your knife far from plate avoiding embarrassed sound. the tray should be placed in middle, fork on the left and knife on the right, the point o

36、f knife should be up, the blade of knife should be inside, the staple food is left, and the table wares are right. the number of wine glass is equal to the kind of the wine, and the order is from left to right. usually, you can never carry the bowl dish. 2.2.2 the ways of using table wares th

37、e principles of knife and fork when you have dinner with fork and knife, the knife is for cutting food and the fork is for eating food. when having dinner, the knife should be on your right hand, and the fork should be on your left hand. the left hand is to fix food with fork, at the same time; you

38、should cut food with knife on your right hand. during the dinner, if you need to leave for a while, the fork and knife should be put and form a shape of eight. youd better put the handle on the plate, making the blade of the knife inside. after the dinner, the opposite side of fork is up, the blade

39、and fork should be put together, and it means the end of the dinner. you should put the knife and fork down when you are talking. the principles of spoon the spoon of dinner can be divided into two types, one is soup spoon, the size is large; the other is dessert spoon, the size is small, af

40、ter cutting food, combing the food with jam stuff, you can eat it. the spoon should get food from inside to outside. after eating soup, the soup spoon should be put one side of dish plate. and the spoon should be put in the bowl. usually, the handle of the spoon should be on right of bowl, and the s

41、unken part of the spoon must be upward. you should pay attention to the detail that the soup spoon shouldnt be get food directly. the principles of wine glass during the dinner in western countries, different dishes should match with different wine, and various glasses should hold different w

42、ine.3. the etiquettes of dish order between china and western countries:3.1 the dish order in china the order of dishes in china is like this: cold dish, beverage, wine and hot dish, then the staple food, finally, the dessert and fruit is served. if there are many desks, the same dish of each table

43、should be at the same time.3.2 the dish order in western countries the order of dish in western countries is like this: vegetable, bread and butter, cold dish, soup, seafood, staple food, dessert, coffee and fruit. the cold dish can be used as appetizer, a first starter. 4. the etiquettes difference

44、s during the dinner:4.1 the etiquettes of fetching and eating food4.1.1 the etiquettes of fetching and eating food in china the food should be got firstly by the main guest, dont get too much once, the male should fetch food for the lady near him. when eating soup, you shouldnt make sounds. if you m

45、ake noises, you should say “sorry” to others. you should get the elder to start the meal. you should fetch less food, which is far from you. dont make noises while eating; when you drink soup, you should have small sips with a spoon. dont blow when soup is too hot. some people like to chew food for

46、dinner, especially for stiff food; however, it is improper to have dinner in public place. when you happen to eat fishbone, bone and so on, youd better not spit it, let alone throwing it away. it is polite to pick it into your plate, or put it near the desk close to you, and you can put it on the na

47、pkins you have prepared. when eating, you dont burp, let alone other sounds. if there is a sneeze, bowel and other involuntary sound, youd better say “sorry” to show your apology. the chinese usually make mistakes like this, so you have to attach importance to them, not making a bad impression on ot

48、hers, and these details will have a bad effect on your interpersonal relations. when eating, you should talk interesting things with others to adjust atmosphere, and you shouldnt have a greedy meal.4.1.2 the etiquettes of fetching and eating food in western countrieswhen having a dinner, you should

49、avoid the noises made by knife and plate. you shouldnt eat a fruit completely; firstly, you should cut them into segments. you shouldnt get food for others with your fork. when you have dinner, you should avoid putting your arm on the desk. besides, you should keep silent, never making your legs tre

50、mbling, and kicking feet. and you cant put on makeup or comb the hair. you shouldnt take off your clothes, and you should avoid talking to someone with water and food in your mouth. yawn is never welcomed on the desk. the knives and forks people have used shouldnt be put on the desk. the wasted food

51、 and bones are not allowed to be abandoned on the desk, and they should be put on the plate. it is a taboo that you pick dishes for others with your own table wares. 4.2 the etiquettes of “no talking” on dinner table4.2.1 the etiquettes of “no talking “in china the dinner in china is noisy, people l

52、ike to talk. however, you should remember politeness, knowledge, upbringing and so on. you shouldnt talk about something that others are not interested.4.2.2 the etiquettes of “no talking “in western countries the dinners in western countries tend to be quiet. the time they start to chat is after th

53、e meal. many people are talking to others while they are eating dessert. dont talk with others around you, and you cant interrupt when others are talking. during the dinner, most people, as usual, will make their telephone closed. if they have very significant thing, they must make their ring lowest

54、, and they want to pick the phone, they must say “sorry” to others, then go out to pick it. after all, you speak as little as possible, and you will be excellent in others opinion. 5. the etiquettes of leaving seat after the dinner5.1 the etiquettes of leaving seat in chinaafter the dinner, if you w

55、ould like to end the meal in the banquet, you can put the chopsticks or spoon straightly on plate. if crossing the chopsticks on the plate, you mean you have had a wonderful meal. the host and main guests can end the banquet. the host should wish a good trip for the guest, and the guests should give

56、 thanks to the hosts, or the guests can invite the host to their home showing respect to them. if one person should leave during the dinner, he can greet and nod to others.5.2 the etiquettes of leaving seat in western countriesafter the dinner in western countries, the guests can take the napkin on the leg away, and then put the napkin on the left of dinner table. they can leave before the hosts leave. the guests can give a call to show their thanks.iii. the reasons for the differences of chinese and western table manners1. the different cultural conno