北邮大三计算机体系结构实验三DLX处理器程序设计

1、实验三DLX处理器程序设计1. 实验目的学习简单编译优化方法，观察采用编译优化方法所带来的性能的提高。2. 实验原理采用静态调度方法重排指令序列，减少相关，优化程序。3. 实验内容和要求自编一段汇编代码，完成一维向量加法运算，并输出结果。观察程序中出现的 数据/控制/结构相关。(注：使用一维数组表示一维向量。)4. 1向量加法代码清单及注释说明1、向量加法设计源代码.dataVectorLe ngth:.word 16Vectorl:.word1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16Vector2:.word1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,1

2、2,13,14,15,16 ;声明向量长度 以及声明向量 1、2Printf1:.asciizVector =Prin tf2:.asciiz %f.alig n 2Prin tPrompt:.word Printf1Prin tPar:.word Printf2Result:.space 4 ;存放打印数据的空间申请.textmain:addi r14,r0,Pri ntPrompttrap 5lw r20,VectorLe ngthaddi r2,r0,0Loop:ld f10,Vector1(r2)ld f12,Vector2(r2) ;循环体中读入向量cvti2d f0,f10cvti

3、2d f2,f12addd f4,f2,f0;加法运算Fini sh:;* Fini sh,write result into stdoutsd Result,f4addi r14,r0,Pri ntPartrap 5;系统中断，输出结果addi r2,r2,4subi r20,r20,1bnez r20,Loop;* Endtrap 02、运行结果* DLX-Standard-1/O Inpxjt CancelVector = 2.000000 4 DOOOOO f.000000 OdOOOt 10.000000 12. OCOOOO 14.000000 16.OCOODt 13.00000

4、0 20. 000000 22 000000 24. OflOOOn 2&.000000 26. OCOOOO 30 .000000 32. OC OODO|TotalID executed by 1S1 lrisiructioti(s,2 Inslructiari(s-) cunsnt|y in Pipelhe.Hardware ccnfiguratior:Memory 砸e; 3Z768 Etptes _faddE-S L rquifd 2fmulEXStages: 1, required Cycles: 5fdrvEX-Stoge; L required Cycles; 13Forwar

5、dirig di；Qbled.Stalls:RAWIIs;13U (34,12dlCle?|WAW stalls： 0 (O.OOX of all Cpclesl5tiuctural stalls 0 (0.00 of 刖 CyclesContiol stalls: 15 (3 94雯 of all CyclesT rap stalls: 54 0 4.17% of al 匚y咖到Totot 199Std(s)223X of al Cycles)Ccnditicnal Branches)Totet 16 0.84 of dllrrstoictionst thereoftaken: 1F (I；

6、I3.75O：J of all cord. B ranchesnot taken: 1 (6 25Z of allcond BranchesLoad/toxe-Instruct ions-T ota I 43 (27.07%： of al InsbuctionoL thereof:Loads 33 67 35爲 of Load-ZStora-lnsIruclionsStores: 1E (32 E我白 Load-/Ste(e-lnsfructionsFloating point stage instruct ions:T oUl 1E (8.84 of all I nslrvictionsj,

7、 thereofAdditions: 16 p OC. 00X of Ftoatinq point stags rntMultipfications 0 (Cl.Cl临 of Flowing point stage inrtjDivisions: 0 (OLOOSfoI Floa血g point stage mt.)Txaps:Trapj: 18 (9.94 of all Instructions5. 1程序相关性分析结果(1)观察程序中出现的数据/控制/结构相关。指出程序中出现上述现象的指 令组合。产生34.12%的数据相关。当对当前指令的操作数寄存器进行操作的时候，前几 条指令的运算结果还

8、未写回结果寄存器，由此产生数据相关。3utir2Q.r20L(M brez rZDJstaLora (TOD Q旳 ldinD,eclDr1|i2) IdinZVEclmQk 印HFHi | H | -I M | lF：U |叮瞅 | IMEM |眶没有产生结构相关。1十口mation 冃bQut trap 05trap 0x5A dr: data.Finish+DnCode： Dx44COOOC5T crminated sueeesifullpFi忒 Cyde： -1 EiLdst tde： -GiTotal Cycles: 8IFCycles: -13(4Terminated nice鹑g

9、lullyIMAR-PC =dt a. Finish+DKOl) |R-MemlMAR| (=0m44000005)PCPipelin&Clesiing!Cycles -9(1)T BmnhBtBd sue cs 曲System callexeculed. NoSlllt requiied.（2）考察增加浮点运算部件对性能的影响。1个浮点运算部件3个浮点运算部件产生3.94%的控制相关。系统按照预测成功来执行指令，执行一条指令后马上将 其下一条指令trap读进来。addi rib 10x1 M6IF | IL |i|EX| MEM | WBtrap 0x5IF |T尿1D |heC| PFM

10、| vJE |Total:?81 Cycle(s) executed.ID 閔ecuttd by 131 lnstiucbon()2 ln$truction(j current r Pipeline,Tet-l:351 Cjcle(s) executedID executed by 101 Iretiuclion.2 lnfitruction()curtentip in PipdheiHardware conf i gurat ion- Memoiv size- 32766 Bytes kddEX-Shges; 1 * required Cdec 2 fmJEX-Skges; 1H requi

11、red Cycles 5 (divEXSlages; 1, lequired Cycles: T-l Forwarding dsabled.Hardware configuration: Memo!j size： 3276f Bytes leddE-Stages: 3. icquired Cydesc 2 fmdE-Slages: Jr required Cycled fdivEK-Stages: 3,. required Cycles: 19 Forwarding disblet.Stalls:RAW ft* 130 (34.12ol all Cycles) WAW stalls: 0(0.

12、00 of allCpde?) Structural stalls; 0 (0,00忠 cf all Cycles Control stalls: 15 (194% of ol Cycles) Trap stalls; 54 (14.17 of dIC/cles) Total: 199Stal(s)衍22箕 of al Cycles)Conditiona1 Branches):Tolal; 16 (0 84盅 of all Instructions), theioof: taken 15 3375盅 of d cond benches) not talwrE 1 (Gi2S% of al co

13、nd Branches)Lcad-/Store-InsT otdl: 43 (27.07S； of dHlnslnjcIions, Ihefsor：Loads 33 (67.355； of LoadSbo(Blnsbuclion&StorsG 16 (32 65X of LoadTSbare-lnsbuctiDm)Floating point stage instructions:Total; 16(8.84 of all Instructions), thereof:Additions: 1 E(100.0(U of Floating poiri stage imtjMetrications

14、: 0 (0 00*： of Floating pant stage h$L)Divisiois!： 0(0 00 of Floaiing point staje inst.Traps:Traps; 19 ”94器 of al Inuctioni)Stalls:RAW 虧 Ils: 130 少.12怎 of e Qd 開 UH ?/ sta Is:(一 L .隰 of all Hye ls I StructLral stalls: 0 (D.00送 of dll Cycles Control 曲际 15 (盘9擁 of dl Cycle?) Trap stalk 54 pi.lTXflf al

15、 CyclesTotat 199 Sts) PZ23Z of NDCcnditional Branches)T oral: 16 (3.84 of alllnstrxtianst thereof: 忖用 rt 15 鯛 75器 of dconi Brand価 | nd taken： 1 阪血 of all cond. Branch)Lcad-/S t ore- Inst rue 11 口2 -T 曲I： 9 27 0A or all 阀ruciio斶 ihereof：Loads: 33 (67.35S of Load?StoFe-l nstiucbonsStores; 1E p2.CS of

16、Load-?SLre-l nstiucHortsFloatirg point stage instructions Tolal； 6 q( 11 Instructioris. tk*ereof;Additions 16 (100 0 成 of Ftoating point $tage imstj Multiplications; 0 (0.00 of Floating port stage nsL Divisions; 0 0 0031 of Floaling point 哦age instTraps:Traps: 19 (9.勺佗 of all Imtiucbons)同一段代码执行相同步，但

17、是经过对比发现浮点运算部件的多少对于程序执行效 率并没有什么影响，浮点运算部件的多少对统计结果都不造成影响，可能是由于该程序不存在争用浮点运算部件资源的情况（3）考察增加forward部件对性能的影响。使用forward部件不使用forward部件Totl:381 Cycled) eMecutedID eracUted増 191 InsbudJonfs)2 IriStmctMhh) cumntiy r Plpefine.Hardware conflguirtion:Memoiv si直 3276 j BytesfaddEX-SUges: 1 ? required Cydes: 2 iinulE

18、/s, Ihecsor： Loads 33E7.35Vo L帖d/Store-lristrjchon: Statu 16 (3265% of Load-ZStoie-lnstuctionsFloating point stage instructions.Tdial: 16 R SIX of all Instructions, thereof: Additnns： 16 (100 峻 of Floating point stage inst) Multiplcatians: 0 (0.00 of Floating point atage inst.) Divigicrigc 0 O.DO of

19、 Fbahng point iin.Traps:T raps: 16 (9 9醴 of al ImbuclioniTotal:283 Dcte| 刮 executed.IDby W1 InrtwtiorOl21 nshuctionfsj currently in Pipeline.Hardware coniguration:Memory size: 327EA EtesfaddEX-Stages: 3, raqiaed Cycles: 2 fnulE-Sges; 3, requiec Cycl&s; 5 fdivEX-GtageK 9, required Cycles 19Forwarcfri

20、g enebled.StalIs:RAW32(11.31XofQllCsJclesl there於LO 曲Is; Q (Q脳 of RAW 曲k Branch/Junp stalls： 1E (50. d 百阴 stalls Floating point 湘临 16 (50. of RM $tdlsWAWstalsO(OQfdlCyclK)Structural allr 0(0100% of al 匚yc闕Conbol state: 15 (5.30 ol dl Cycles54 (190叹 of 出TotaH01Stal(s)(35.70of allConditi口21):Total-16(

21、3 84 of al Inthueliont), (hereof： laken 15(3375 of dl cond. Branches) rot taken 1 点 25 器 of all cand BrandinLoad-/St ore-1 ns tructiug:Total; 49 (27,07 of al InAudiaml, thereof; Loadi： 33 (67.353； of Load /S tore-lrstactions Stores: 18 (32 B5S of Load-/Storelnsrructi ons)Floating 口oint stage iiiEtru

22、etionE:Totflt IGpiMX of d Instucbora. Bhereor： Additions: 16 100Q* of Floating point stage inslj MuMfliulBiw 0 (0.OL at Floalr pwt slsgt inst. Divisions: 0 0.00 of Floating point stage imtjTraps:T raps. 18 (9L34X of all Inshuctions)使用forward部件之后执行相同的代码用的时钟周期比不使用 forward部件少了 大约100个时钟周期，由于没有结构相关，所以使用f

23、orward部件主要使得RAW0 关明显减少了，占总的时钟周期比例也减少了，对控制相关没有什么影响。总之，使用forward部件后，总的时钟周期减少，数据相关减少，流水线的性能 得到很大的改善。(4)观察转移指令在转移成功和转移不成功时候的流水线开销。Conditicnail Branches):T otat 16 (8.84-X Of all I nstnjctions. thereof： taken： 15 (33.75 of all cnnd. Branches) ret lokert 1 艮 25髯 of all cond Branch)在本次实验中转移成功的几率比较大，进行16次转移

24、只有一次转移不成功的，因为系统按照预测成功来执行指令，当判断转移不成功时，系统对 trap指令进 行的操作被全部作废，转而去执行跳转到的指令。4. 2双精度浮点加法求和代码清单及注释说明1双精度浮点加法求和源代码.data;初始化两个用于相加的一维向量（双精度浮点数） a:.double1.9,2.1,3.7,4.6,11.2,12.3,13.4,14.5,15.6,16.7,17.8,18.9,19.0,20.2 b:.double1.1,2.2,3.3,4.4,11.8,12.7,13.6,14.5,15.4,16.3,17.2,18.1,19.9,20.8Prin tfFormat:.a

25、sciizThe向量长度为205.5,6.4,7.3,8.2,9.1,10.1,5.5,6.6,7.7,8.8,9.8,10.9,resultis.alig n 2Prin tfPar:.word Prin tfFormatr:.space 200;r为保存相加结果的向量空间 .text.global mai nmain:addi r1,r0,0;r1计数相加的次数addui r4,r0,8;r4 为常数 8loop:;循环计算向量相加结果subi r2,r1,20;r1=20 时，跳转到 finishbeqz r2,finishmultu r3,r1,r4;r3为当前分量相对于向量基址的偏移

26、(每个分量占8B)ld fO,a(；取a中第r1个分量ld f2,b(r3);取b中第r1个分量addd f4,f0,f2;相加结果放在f4中sd r(r3),f4 ;将相加结果放入结果向量r中addi r1,r1,1;下一分量j loopfini sh:;输出向量相加的结果addi r14,r0,Pri ntfPartrap 52、运行结果：* DLX-tandard-VOj- Input CancelThe result is3 .QO0OQ04 3000007rOQOOOO9.000000iiOOOOOO13.OQOOOO15.oooooo17.oooooo13,90000021oooo

27、oo23.oooooo25.oooooo27.OOOOD29.ooaooo31oooooo33.oooooo35.00000037OOOOOO23.90000041.ooooooTotal499 Cdefs cKecutedID executed Ly 195 Instructions,2 lnsiruction(5)Gunently in Pipe Ire.Hardware 匚cnfiguration:Msmcry fin; 32760 Bytes faddEX-Staaes： L required CvcI&k 2 fmulEh-Stages: 1, nequined Cycles: 5

28、fdivL-Sg;rquird C/cles; 19 Forwarding disabled.Stalis;RAW 呛1应 263 (5378X of all 匚则醐WAW stalls: 0 (U00篙 of all CycleslSbudual Hals: 0 (0 00 of al QydejControl stalls 21 (4 29总 cf all Cjcles)Trap talx 9 (1 曲輪 of dlQd鬧Tout 293tal树国.矽 of dllCpdes)Ccndit;T okt 21 (10.773； of all lririructiorL Ihereof: ta

29、ken: 1 (4 76X of al cond. Branches not taken; 20 (95 24常 of allcond BranchesLaad-zs toxe-Instruct ionsT okl 65 p3L33% of all Instructiors, Ihoeof: Loads: 40 (61 54X of LoadStore-l nstructions Stores: 2弓 f3S.4 of Lo-aZShre-lnructions)Floating point stage instructions:T out 40 (20.51% of -3ll InrfruGt

30、ions, thereof:Addtiora: 20 (50.002； cf Flulmgpoint stags insl.)M ultipications: 20 (50. U 図 of Floating point it age imst.) Divisions: 0 (0 00K ol Fleeting point stage incLTxaps:T rap;: 2 卩.5黑 oF dl Instructions)5. 2程序相关性分析结果(1)观察程序中出现的数据/控制/结构相关。指出程序中出现上述现象的指令 组合。产生了 53.78%的数据相关。当对当前指令的操作数寄存器进行操作的时

31、候，前 几条指令的运算结果还未写回结果寄存器，由此产生数据相关。产生数据相关的 指令主要有：1) addi r1,r0,0subi r2,r1,202) subi r2,r1,20beqz r2,finish3) multu r3,r1,r4Id f0,a(r3)4) ld f2,b( r3)addd f4,f0,f2IndiUciol-a / C-VeIe-i:皿皿(-33 ( -32 | M | 30 鹑(28Z7 戲苦 (-23 * ” -21 tj 小(-19 ( -13幻曲日徑ID/2IF |Fk3t.=ll ID | FdcfclEXl| | L1EM | WBIsdr|r3)Hi

32、f IF 9alI IT |irCK I MFM I WE妙 r f!3I IF !| ”2 丨诃Z卩I IIBr |，心丨,add r1| IF abiKlai3ir2jia-n1 r 1 o |e| 朗 |r? Jfinirdi| n-sd | i | *xl z：h l|无结构相关产生了 4.29%的控制相关。系统按照预测成功来执行指令，执行一条指令后马上 将其下一条指令trap读进来。和4.1代码类似。（2）考察增加浮点运算部件对性能的影响。3个浮点运算部件1个浮点运算部件Total:489 Cycle(勾 executed.ID executed by 35 lnstruCtkr(.

33、2 Imstructionfs：) currari 如 in PipelinaHarders 匚onEiguxat i cir);Memory 3268 Byte;怡出EX 怡g疑：1H required Re吹2ImuEX-Staoes: * required Cycles: 5fdhEXhg 富 1 reqind Cycle?; 19Foiwarcins di：atledStalls:FW stek 263(53 ?8X of 出 Cycles)WAWstokOlHOlKofdlCiclesIStrudual dak: D (0.00 of al CyclesCortrokM: 21 (4

34、29%tfdCpcln)Trcp $tdk 9 (1-B4 M dCydnjTotal: 293 tal国罔92需 of all Qde刘止山皿1去皿匚bus):T otal： 21 (1077Xof el lmhudioHL thared: taken 1 (4 76爼 of all cond. Blanches) not taken: 2D (95.24% of all card. Drarch)Laad-/St ore-1 nstr uc t i oiis;T 曲I; Eo P3.33 of all Inshishon虬 tkered: Lonte 40 (6I .54X of Load

35、tor nstructicris)Starov 2?迷牡塔ofLod79t(油mt诃ion或floating point 舀t旳m iiistructions:Total; 40 (20.517 of el Instruction?), ihem Addition 20 (50 00需 of Hoathg point (tags ml.)Miiipfecatiom: 2D (5C OOa of Fkiatng pent stage ml) Divisions; D |0.0Q ol Floating poirt 血的e imlTraps:Trsps: 3 1.5聽 M alllnsbuclio

36、n?)Total:489 Cvcles) e recitedID eweciJEcI切 195 lnslrjction(4 2lnstiLiclon(s) dUftentiy n PipdnaHar-dmare conf iduration :Memaijj sze: 32768 Bytes faddE-SLeges: 3, inquired CvgIesc 2FniulEX-Slages: 3 inquired 曲生 5 fdvEX-Shges: 3. required Cycles： 19FijiwQrdirfl diwabl曲，Stalls：RAWstals; 263153. of dI

37、Qdes)WWdls： 0(OX ofallCiides)Sbuchialstalx 0 卩,00需 of all Qds)Control stalk 21 (4 29 of all Cycles)T rap stall；： 9 (1 敝 of J CyclesTotal: 233 阪I購| 岡眾篇 of allies)Conditicxial Eran匚hes)Total; 21 (1077 of al Instructions ihnot taker11 (4.7Eof al eord Drandw) not tken: 20 (35.24 of alcond RanchesLoad-/S

38、 t Dre-Inst rue t i onsT otal: 65(33.33 of all Instrucliorvs), thereof: Loads: 40 (61.54% d Load-ZStore-lislruclions Store;: 25 38 3讥 of Laadr/Stoe hstiudDns)Floating point stage instructions.T olal: 40 (20151 % of al In&tiucbomL tFiereof: Additoni： 20(90.00(% of Floating point stage irisL Miilfioai

39、hrs: 20 (SOL 00 of Floating point stags instj Dmsonir 0(0.00 of Floating point stage insLTraps!Tiaps： 3 (1.54 of all Insiuction;同一段代码执行相同步，但是经过对比发现浮点运算部件的多少对于程序执行效 率并没有什么影响，浮点运算部件的多少对统计结果都不造成影响，可能是由于该程序函数中没有连续的浮点运算指令。（3）考察增加forward部件对性能的影响。没有forward部件有forward部件Total:183Ci*cle($iexKuted.ID executed 1

40、95 bntrudhn|s.2 Instruct cu 财如 n Pipeline.HardhatsManoiy；i2e 3260： Byte： faddEX-Stages:, requited Dd戲 2 fmuE-tageE： , reqiired Cycles: 5 IdivEKStages; h requred Cycles; 19 Foiwarting disabledStalls-RAW slalk 263 (5373 of all Cycles)/AWstals:0 (LOCK of IlCiclesSMmal jtals: J .呢 cf al CyclesControl st

41、alh: 21 (429X of al Cycles)Tiep stdlsc 9 184 杀 ol alCydss)Total: 293 Stalls (5&92Xol all CidesConditional ?ranchEQ):T otal: 21 10.77 of 詁I Inshudion込 Iherecf: faksne 1 (4.7E ot all cond. Branched not taken 2135.24% of al cand. BranchedLoad-/St口reInstructions:T otal: 65 33.33X of all Instuctiont), th

42、erachLmcIs: 10 (El 54塔 ofLoi7Stotn$bucticns) Stcns 25 口隐 ol LoadTStoralrMtMcliompoit stage instructions:Totat 40 (20.51 of el InsbuCtiont), therecl Additions: 20 (5000 of Flthg point 畑 mi Mdtipfications: 2D (50100% of Floaing point 湘ge mst.) DM$W% 010.00 OtFlNtrtg point $tage nt)Th曲昏;Traps： 3 卩,5蘇 o

43、f dlllnstiuclior)Total:3S7 Cycle(s) executed.ID eweciied by 195 Instnjctionfs).J lnstiucbon(sjcuirerttlyin Rpeline.Rardvaure CDn i gUz?a 七 1 Oil: Memofy siei 327tS Bles hddEX-Stages; 1 ” requiied Cycles: 2 mulLX-Stages: 1,. required Cycles b tdivEX-Stages: Liequired Qictesc 1S Foiwaiding enabled.Sta

44、lls：RAW 就桃;141 (36.42 需 of M Cycles” theieaf: LD stalls： 20(14.100( RAW 如同 Branch/Junp stalls: 21 |14.89 of RAW $tals Floatrig point stalls: 100 (70.32 of RAW 湘阔WAW Jtallsr 0 (D.OD of all Cycles) Stiuclural stalls 0 (0.00 of al Cles Control dak 21 (572 of dl Cydes T rap stalls：l： (2.4K of all Cycles

45、) Total: 171 Stalls) (4B 5 找 ol H Cycles)Conditlonal Branches):T otr 21 (1I772； of all Inshuctions), thereof: t*冊;1 (4 76 of dl Gcrid. Branches) not taken; 20 (95 2% of all cond. BrancasLoad-/S torInst rUGt i ons: T otab GE 33.33 of all Inshucbons, thereof;Loads; 40 (61 E4X of Load-/Store-lristructions5ores: 25 (39 4of Load ,5to(c nstructionsFloating point stags instructions: Total: 40 (20 51 of all ln$tFuction$