科技文献英语

1、2021-6-25Sophie-EST1 Chapter 1 The English of Science and Technology (EST) 2021-6-25Sophie-EST2 1.1 The Scope of EST EST: the need for economical, efficient and impersonal ways of expression EST is a cover term. ESST: the English of specialized science and technology ECST: the English of common scie

2、nce and technology 2021-6-25Sophie-EST3 1.1 The Scope of EST Fog Index难度系数难度系数 难度系数难度系数=（多音节单词数（多音节单词数+平均句长）平均句长）x 0.4 (Robert Gunning, “The Technique of Clear Writing”) Fog Index = 13 (ESST) 2021-6-25Sophie-EST4 1.1 The Scope of EST Food is digested as it passes along the long tube which begins at

3、the mouth and ends at the anus. The process of digesting begins in the mouth where the food is crushed by the teeth and made wet by the juices in the mouth. After it is swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a tube having muscles and going to the stomach. Food is digested as it passes along the alime

4、ntary canal. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is chewed and moistened by the saliva. After being swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a muscular tube leading to the stomach. 2021-6-25Sophie-EST5 Content 1.1 The Scope of the English of 1.1 The Scope of the English of scien

5、ce and technologyscience and technology 1.2 General Features 1.2 General Features 1.3 Graphological1.3 Graphological Features Features 图表特征图表特征 1.4 Lexical Features1.4 Lexical Features词汇特征词汇特征 1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical 1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical Features Features 语法特征语法特征 1.6 Semantic Features1.6 Sem

6、antic Features语篇特征语篇特征 2021-6-25Sophie-EST6 Content 1.1 The Scope of the English of 1.1 The Scope of the English of science and technologyscience and technology 1.2 General Features 1.2 General Features 1.3 Graphological1.3 Graphological Features Features 图表特征图表特征 1.4 Lexical Features1.4 Lexical Fea

7、tures词汇特征词汇特征 1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical 1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical Features Features 语法特征语法特征 1.6 Semantic Features1.6 Semantic Features语篇特征语篇特征 2021-6-25Sophie-EST7 1.2 General Features of EST 1.2.1 Samples William Shakespeare: Hamlet ; a textbook of biology 1.2.2 General Features the impersonal for

8、mal style and a very high concentration of technical terms interpreting a phenomenon “out there” impersonal, objective statements being accurate and concise to avoid misunderstanding 2021-6-25Sophie-EST8 1.2 General Features of EST 1.2.2 General Features Statements are commonly compressed. e.g. 1) T

9、he results of this experiment show that AMX significantly impairs the coordination of hand and eye. 2) The AMX results show significant hand/eye coordination impairment. 2021-6-25Sophie-EST9 3.2 General Features of EST 1.2.2 General Features Statements are usually concrete and specific. e.g. 1. The

10、results seem to be satisfactory. We are satisfied with the result that L(X2,X1)=0. 2. This process greatly reduces costs. This process consumes 5% less fuel and turns out 12% more power. 2021-6-25Sophie-EST10 Content 1.1 The Scope of the English of 1.1 The Scope of the English of science and technol

11、ogyscience and technology 1.2 General Features 1.2 General Features 1.3 Graphological1.3 Graphological Features Features 图表特征图表特征 1.4 Lexical Features1.4 Lexical Features词汇特征词汇特征 1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical Features1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical Features 语法特征语法特征 1.6 Semantic Features1.6 Semantic Features语

12、篇特征语篇特征 2021-6-25Sophie-EST11 1.3 Graphological Features Visual aids Punctuation the full stop the comma and the parentheses Capitalization and italicisation 2021-6-25Sophie-EST12 Content 1.1 The Scope of the English of 1.1 The Scope of the English of science and technologyscience and technology 1.2

13、 General Features 1.2 General Features 1.3 Graphological1.3 Graphological Features Features 图表特征图表特征 1.4 Lexical Features1.4 Lexical Features词汇特征词汇特征 1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical Features 1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical Features 语法特征语法特征 1.6 Semantic Features1.6 Semantic Features语篇特征语篇特征 2021-6-25Sophie-EST1

14、3 1.4 Lexical Features highly technical words precise, narrow meanings unique to the discipline semi-technical words the same or slightly different meaning in several scientific or technical disciplines different meaning from their non-technical use common words with specific meaning newly coined wo

15、rds 2021-6-25Sophie-EST14 Content 1.1 The Scope of the English of 1.1 The Scope of the English of science and technologyscience and technology 1.2 General Features 1.2 General Features 1.3 Graphological1.3 Graphological Features Features 图表特征图表特征 1.4 Lexical Features1.4 Lexical Features词汇特征词汇特征 1.5

16、Syntactic/Grammatical Features1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical Features 语法特征语法特征 1.6 Semantic Features1.6 Semantic Features语篇特征语篇特征 2021-6-25Sophie-EST15 1.5 Syntactic/grammatical Features 1.5.1 More Use of Longer and Statement-type Sentences 1.5.2 Preference for Impersonal Sentence Patterns 1.5.3 Preposit

17、ional Phrases and Participle Phrases(介词短语和分词介词短语和分词) 1.5.4 Use of Expanded Premodification 1.5.5 Tendency to Nominalization 1.5.6 Wide Use of the Simple Present Tense 2021-6-25Sophie-EST16 1.5 Syntactic/grammatical Features 1.5.1 More Use of Longer and Statement-type Sentences Long sentences everyda

18、y conversation (8 words) advertising (12.4 words) some urgent kind of new reporting (20 words) public speech (24 words) EST ? 24 words, but not vary as sharply as in public speech 2021-6-25Sophie-EST17 1.5 Syntactic/grammatical Features 1.5.1 More Use of Longer and Statement-type Sentences declarati

19、ve sentences (statement-type sentences) to supply information not very much structural difficulty in understanding the form of a command e.g. Let P1 be the initial pressure. 2021-6-25Sophie-EST18 1.5 Syntactic/grammatical Features 1.5.2 Preference for Impersonal Sentence Patterns the frequent use of

20、 “it” e.g. 1. It is possible to make concrete of any required strength within reasonable limits. 2. It is necessary to use a more reliable method of inspection in the form of a suitable test. the frequent use of passive voice 2021-6-25Sophie-EST19 1.5 Syntactic/grammatical Features 1.5.3 The frequen

21、t use of prepositional phrases and participle phrases e.g. Non-finite structure 1) When they are heated under pressure, the constituents fuse together. 2) When heated under pressure the constituents fuse together. 3) Heated under pressure the constituents fuse together. 2021-6-25Sophie-EST20 1.5 Syn

22、tactic/grammatical Features 1.5.3 The frequent use of prepositional phrases and participle phrases e.g. infinitive phrases To destroy this organism it is necessary to heat milk to about 600C for 15 minutes. e.g. participle phrase Dropping this term, dividing by and rearranging, we obtain 2021-6-25So

23、phie-EST21 1.5 Syntactic/grammatical Features 1.5.4 The Use of Expanded Premodification (Noun Compounds) two or more nouns with necessary adjectives that together make up a single concept e.g. 1. control test 2. temperature drop 3. flame cleaning (cleaning by passing a hot flame) 4. advanced gas tur

24、bine generator (an electrical generator of advanced design driven by gas turbines) 2021-6-25Sophie-EST22 1.5 Syntactic/grammatical Features 1.5.5 Tendency to Nominalization the grammatical process of forming nouns from other parts of speech e.g. 1. If a potential is applied to gas at a low pressure,

25、 ionization of the molecules will result. The application of a potential to gas at low pressure will result in ionization of the molecules. 2. Although/because/when/while the specimen is/was/has been examined under the microscope In spite of/because of/on/during examination of the specimen under the

26、 microscope 2021-6-25Sophie-EST23 1.5 Syntactic/grammatical Features 1.5.5 Tendency to Nominalization 3. If we add or remove heat, the state of matter may change. The addition or removal of heat may change the state of matter. 4. He knows French well. He has an extremely good knowledge of French. 20

27、21-6-25Sophie-EST24 1.5 Syntactic/grammatical Features 1.5.6 Wide Use of the Simple Present Tense information about scientific knowledge with no specific time reference 2021-6-25Sophie-EST25 1.5 Syntactic/grammatical Features 1.5.1 More Use of Longer and Statement-type Sentences 1.5.2 Preference for

28、 Impersonal Sentence Patterns 1.5.3 Prepositional Phrases and Participle Phrases 1.5.4 Use of Expanded Premodification 1.5.5 Tendency to Nominalization 1.5.6 Wide Use of the Simple Present Tense 2021-6-25Sophie-EST26 Content 1.1 The Scope of the English of 1.1 The Scope of the English of science and

29、 technologyscience and technology 1.2 General Features 1.2 General Features 1.3 Graphological1.3 Graphological Features Features 图表特征图表特征 1.4 Lexical Features1.4 Lexical Features词汇特征词汇特征 1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical Features1.5 Syntactic/Grammatical Features 语法特征语法特征 1.6 Semantic Features1.6 Semantic F

30、eatures语篇特征语篇特征 2021-6-25Sophie-EST27 1.6 Semantic Features 1.6.1 Scarcity of Rhetorical Devices Most of the words are in their conceptual meaning. 2021-6-25Sophie-EST28 1.6 Semantic Features 1.6.2 Wide Use of Connectives close and logical reasoning “it”, “the” and “this”. Noun repetition. Summarizi

31、ng nouns or “this”. e.g. To destroy this organism, it is necessary to heat milk to about 600C for 15 minutes. A heat treatment of this kind destroys about 99% of the bacteria This became known as the “holder” process. 2021-6-25Sophie-EST29 1.6 Semantic Features 1.6.2 Wide Use of Connectives Transiti

32、onal words/phrases. 1. logical sequence, “thus, therefore, as a result, consequently”; 2. additional statement, “in addition, moreover, furthermore, in other words”; 3. similarity, “in the same way, similarly”; 4. emphasis, “above all, in fact, particularly, obviously”; 5. purpose, “for this purpose

33、, to this end, in order to”; 6. examples, “for example, for instance”; 7. order, “next, first, second, finally”; 8. conclusion, “in short, to sum up, to conclude” 2021-6-25Sophie-EST30 e.g. 1.The authors used three groups of people: students, parents and teachers. But in order to show the generational differences However, 2021-6-25Sophie-EST31 e.g. 2.Non-native writers are often worried about their limited grammar knowledge. And, they realize that they use too few words