lecture 1 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(综合语与分析语)

1、汉英汉英语言类型语言类型对比与翻译对比与翻译 Lecture One 汉英语的汉英语的形态学分类形态学分类 I. Case Study 将下列汉语译成英语，并观察分析双语将下列汉语译成英语，并观察分析双语表意手段表意手段的不同。的不同。 1. 将将两种文化两种文化视为视为一体一体。 Two cultures are taken as a whole. 2. 将两种文化将两种文化各自各自视为视为一体一体。 Two cultures are taken as wholes. 3. 他们他们过去是过去是相爱的，但相爱的，但现在已没有现在已没有什么感情可言了。什么感情可言了。 They loved e

2、ach other and there is no love lost between them. 4. 每场比赛他们都每场比赛他们都败败在客队的手下。在客队的手下。 In every game, they were bested by the visitors. 【讨论】汉语和英语在【讨论】汉语和英语在语法意义语法意义的表达上具有不同取向：汉的表达上具有不同取向：汉 语偏向采用语偏向采用词汇手段词汇手段，以词汇表意以词汇表意；英语偏向采用词的；英语偏向采用词的曲折曲折 变化变化形式，形式，以形态表意以形态表意，包括名词的单复数，动词的时态、，包括名词的单复数，动词的时态、 体态、语态，形容词

3、和副词的比较级，代词的格等。体态、语态，形容词和副词的比较级，代词的格等。 II. Important Concepts 1. Linguistic typology (语言类型学语言类型学) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversit

4、y of the worlds languages. 2. Morphology (形态学；词态学形态学；词态学) is the study of words (how they are formed) and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts o

5、f speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a words pronunciation and meaning. In other words, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation (构词构词) within and across languages and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speak

6、ers of those languages. Rules of the first kind are inflectional rules, while those of the second kind are rules of word formation. II. Important Concepts For example, the generation of the English plural dogs from dog is an inflectional rule, while compound phrases and words like dog catcher or dis

7、hwasher are examples of word formation. Informally, word formation rules form new words, while inflection rules yield variant forms of the same word, which may be different in grammatical sense. Accordingly, morphology is generally divided into two fields: inflectional morphology and derivational mo

8、rphology. And There is a further distinction between two types of word formation: derivation and compounding. Compounding is a process of word formation that involves combining complete word forms into a single compound form. Dog catcher, therefore, is a compound, as both dog and catcher are complet

9、e word forms (free morphemes) in their own right but are subsequently treated as parts of one form. II. Important Concepts Derivation involves affixing bound morphemes to existing lexemes, whereby the addition of the affix derives a new lexeme. The word independent, for example, is derived from the

10、word dependent by using the prefix in-, while dependent itself is derived from the verb depend. 3. Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world that groups languages according to their common morphological structures. Morphological typology differs from morphology in tha

11、t it is the classification of languages based on their use of words and lexicology, which is the study of words and how they make up a languages vocabulary. II. Important Concepts Depending on the preferred way of expressing non-inflectional notions, languages may be classified as analytic (分析型语言分析型

12、语言) (using syntactic phrases) and synthetic languages (综合型语言综合型语言) (using word formation) . Analytic languages contain very little inflection, instead relying on features like word order and auxiliary words to convey meaning. Synthetic languages are further divided into two categories: agglutinative

13、 languages (粘着语粘着语), which rely primarily on discrete particles such as prefixes, suffixes, and infixes for inflection, and fusional or inflectional languages (屈折语屈折语), which “fuse” inflectional categories together, often allowing one word ending to contain several categories, such that the original

14、 root can be difficult to extract. III. 汉语和英语的形态学分类汉语和英语的形态学分类 形态分类学研究表明：汉语是形态分类学研究表明：汉语是分析型（分析型（analytic）为主）为主的语言的语言 （分析语），英语是（分析语），英语是从综合语（从综合语（synthetic）向分析型发展）向分析型发展的的 语言（综合语言（综合-分析语）。具体而言，分析语）。具体而言， 1. 汉语缺乏能表示汉语缺乏能表示语法意义语法意义的形态体系，的形态体系，语法关系语法关系的表示主的表示主 要不是借助词本身的形态变化，而是采用语序、虚词（助词）要不是借助词本身的形态变化，而

15、是采用语序、虚词（助词） 等手段，语法和逻辑意义的表达呈等手段，语法和逻辑意义的表达呈隐性隐性（covert）；）； 2. 概念意义概念意义及语法意义主要依靠词汇表意手段；及语法意义主要依靠词汇表意手段； 3. 现代汉语（现代汉语（Modern Standard Chinese or Mandarin)）用词用词 主要以词根的形式出现，多数词根为粘着语素主要以词根的形式出现，多数词根为粘着语素 （bound morpheme），），构词构词以复合构词（以复合构词（compounding）为主；）为主； 4. 古汉语（古汉语（Classical Chinese）几乎没有形态变化）几乎没有形态变化

16、 （very little morphology），纯粹使用作为自由语素（），纯粹使用作为自由语素（free morpheme）的）的字字（Chinese Character）和语序表意，属于）和语序表意，属于 传统分类学上典型的孤立语（传统分类学上典型的孤立语（isolating language）。）。 III. 汉语和英语的形态学分类汉语和英语的形态学分类 相反，作为屈折语的英语则表现为：相反，作为屈折语的英语则表现为： 1. 语法关系语法关系主要以词本身的形态变化予以表达，词的主要以词本身的形态变化予以表达，词的曲折形曲折形 态变化态变化相对丰富，用以标示语法范畴，表达语法意义（名词相

17、对丰富，用以标示语法范畴，表达语法意义（名词 有单复数形式，形容词和副词有比较级和最高级形式，代词有单复数形式，形容词和副词有比较级和最高级形式，代词 有主格、宾格和所有格等形态），并集中体现在动词的时态、有主格、宾格和所有格等形态），并集中体现在动词的时态、 体态和语态等形态变化上，形成了体态和语态等形态变化上，形成了以动词形态变化为主轴的以动词形态变化为主轴的 句法结构模式句法结构模式，表意与句法形态紧密结合。，表意与句法形态紧密结合。 词缀变化词缀变化（affixation）突出，词缀种类齐全且灵活多变，）突出，词缀种类齐全且灵活多变，构构 词法词法上以派生构词（上以派生构词（deriv

18、ation）为主。）为主。 词类词类分明，结构形式严谨，分明，结构形式严谨，语法和逻辑意义语法和逻辑意义的表达呈的表达呈显性显性 （overt） ，结构上主要遵循，结构上主要遵循形式一致性原则形式一致性原则，表现为形式和，表现为形式和 意义的基本对应。意义的基本对应。 IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译形态学分类视角下的汉英互译 l以上对比分析表明，汉语和英语在以上对比分析表明，汉语和英语在表意手段表意手段上，前者以词汇上，前者以词汇 手段为主，后者以形态手段为主，汉英互译时就要充分发挥手段为主，后者以形态手段为主，汉英互译时就要充分发挥 译语优势译语优势，选用符合译语（，选用符合译语（tar

19、get language）语言习惯的表）语言习惯的表 意手段，意手段，灵活变通灵活变通，兼容互补兼容互补，恰当再现源语（，恰当再现源语（source language）的）的语法和逻辑意义语法和逻辑意义。例如：。例如： 1. I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. 【原译】我【原译】我本来本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津 大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。 【试译】我【试译】我原本原本谦逊尔雅谦逊尔雅、人见人爱，是

20、牛津大学、人见人爱，是牛津大学教得教得我我人人 见人嫌见人嫌。 IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译形态学分类视角下的汉英互译 l2. Few follow the advice of Isabella Beeton, the guru of British cooks in the 19th century, who decreed in an early edition of her book that “a good meal, if enjoyed and digested, gives the support necessary for the mornings work. 【原译】【

21、原译】19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉.比顿比顿曾曾在其著作的一在其著作的一 个早期版本里说过：个早期版本里说过：“受用一顿美餐，能使整个上午工作精受用一顿美餐，能使整个上午工作精 力充沛。力充沛。”这番高见，现在很少有人领教了。这番高见，现在很少有人领教了。 【试译【试译 】19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉.比顿，在其著述的早比顿，在其著述的早 期版本期版本就就有忠告：有忠告：“早餐吃得早餐吃得好好，消化，消化好好，保你保你整上午整上午事事事事 精神精神好好。”而今而今鲜有鲜有遵从的遵从的了。了。 IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译形态学分类视角下的汉

22、英互译 l3. 二十岁那年，二十岁那年， 我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着 流浪的生活。流浪的生活。 l【原译】【原译】When I was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering around like hobo. l【试译】【试译】I broke away from my fathers place at the age of twenty. Since then I have been living a vagrant life. l4. 大学毕业后我分配到一所学校任教，认识了

23、后来成为我妻大学毕业后我分配到一所学校任教，认识了后来成为我妻 子的琳。但我并未引起她的注意，因为那时我实在太平常了。子的琳。但我并未引起她的注意，因为那时我实在太平常了。 l【原译】【原译】After graduation from a university, I was assigned to work as a teacher in a high school, where I met Lin, who later became my wife. But Im so ordinary a man that I never attracted any of her attention then. l【试译】【试译】After graduation from university, I was assigned to a school where I met Lin who later married me. But I am so ordinary a man that I never caught her attention. V. Practice: Text Translation l以下是网络文章以下是网络文章“Chasing Success: Chinas Relationship with English” 的的 第一段，请仔细阅读，然后将其译成汉语。第一段