Unit 6Hypotactic vs. Paratactic

1、 问答题：问答题： （1）刚性语言与柔性语言之间的差别是什么？举）刚性语言与柔性语言之间的差别是什么？举 例说明英汉两种不同的语言特征。例说明英汉两种不同的语言特征。 刚性语言句子结构完整，主谓必须一致，即刚性语言句子结构完整，主谓必须一致，即 形式必须接应（形式必须接应（formal cohesion）, 例如：例如： He has studied abroad for two years. 柔性语言句子结构灵活，更关注意念接应柔性语言句子结构灵活，更关注意念接应 （semantic coherence）。例如：）。例如： 一言既出，驷马难追。一言既出，驷马难追。 A word once s

2、poken cannot be overtaken even by a team of four horses - what is said cannot be unsaid. Hypotaxis (形合形合) is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives; for example, I shall despair if you dont come. Parataxis (意合意合) is the arranging of clauses one after th

3、e other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: 1) The rain fell; the river flooded; the house was washed away. 2) I came, I saw, I conquered. 3) He worked hard, he was still poor. More conjunctions are used in English. e.g. If, although, because, when, in order that, so that

4、 （1）The novel was so interesting that I read it several times. 译文译文1: 小说是如此有趣以至于我把它读了小说是如此有趣以至于我把它读了 好几遍。好几遍。 译文译文2：小说很有趣，我读了好几遍：小说很有趣，我读了好几遍 。 Translationene：他转过身来看见我手里握着他转过身来看见我手里握着 那根上面刻着玛丽那根上面刻着玛丽布朗的名字的旧钓鱼竿的布朗的名字的旧钓鱼竿的 时候时候 .， 两个似以联合关系配列的汉句，常常隐含种种两个似以联合关系配列的汉句，常常隐含种种 逻辑上的从属关系。两句间的逻辑关系并未因逻辑上的从属关系

5、。两句间的逻辑关系并未因 用连词，而趋于模糊；省略连词，表示一气呵用连词，而趋于模糊；省略连词，表示一气呵 成，更显畅洁。恰恰形成对照的是，相应的英成，更显畅洁。恰恰形成对照的是，相应的英 语表达却必须变语表达却必须变隐含隐含为为明示明示，在逻辑上理清主，在逻辑上理清主 句与从句的关系，并使用适当的连词而构成形句与从句的关系，并使用适当的连词而构成形 合句。合句。 （2）远看山有色，近听水无声，远看山有色，近听水无声， 春去花还在；人来鸟不惊。春去花还在；人来鸟不惊。 English Translation: When you look afar, the mountains are gree

6、n and clear, （a） But no sound of stream is heard when listening near. （a） The flowers remain in full bloom when springs away, （b） A human beings approach the bird doesnt fray. （b） 1. More Parataxis in Chinese and More Hypotaxis in English 1.1 隐含隐含“条件条件”从句的汉语意合句与英语形合从句的汉语意合句与英语形合 句：句： （1）早知今日，何必当初。）早

7、知今日，何必当初。 If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently. （2）把小孩冻坏了，我们怎么向他的母亲交待？）把小孩冻坏了，我们怎么向他的母亲交待？ If the child catches a chill, what are we going to say to its mother? 1.2 隐含隐含“时间时间”从句的汉语意合句从句的汉语意合句 与英语形合句与英语形合句 （3）他老是见异思迁。）他老是见异思迁。 He is always changing his mind the moment

8、he sees something new. （4）他离乡背井十载，从未回去过。）他离乡背井十载，从未回去过。 He has never been back to his birthplace since he left it ten years ago. 1.3 隐含隐含“结果结果”从句的汉语意合从句的汉语意合 句与英语形合句句与英语形合句 （5）他说得太快，我们不能理解他的意思。）他说得太快，我们不能理解他的意思。 He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him. （6）天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。）天气寒冷，河水都结冰

9、了。 It was so cold that the river froze. 1.4 隐含隐含“原因原因”从句的汉语意合从句的汉语意合 句与英语形合句句与英语形合句 （7）我只见到他的背影，认不清是谁。）我只见到他的背影，认不清是谁。 I could not make out who he was as l only saw his back. （8）地面潮湿，一定下过雨了。）地面潮湿，一定下过雨了。 It must have rained, since the ground is wet. 1.5 隐含隐含 “递进递进” 关系的汉语意关系的汉语意 合句与英语形合句合句与英语形合句 （10）

10、汤姆做了这件事，做得非常成功。）汤姆做了这件事，做得非常成功。 Tom did it, and did it very successfully. （11）他们战胜了自然灾害，获得了丰收。）他们战胜了自然灾害，获得了丰收。 They not only overcame the adversity but won a bumper harvest. 1.6 隐含隐含“转折转折”关系的汉语意关系的汉语意 句与英语形合句句与英语形合句 （9）江山易改，本性难移。）江山易改，本性难移。 It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to chan

11、ge a persons nature. （10）他起初同意了，过后又反悔了。）他起初同意了，过后又反悔了。 At first he agreed, but later he backed out. 1.7 隐含隐含“对比对比”关系的汉语意合句与英语关系的汉语意合句与英语 形合句形合句 （11）上海曾是冒险家的乐园，劳动人民的苦海。）上海曾是冒险家的乐园，劳动人民的苦海。 Shanghai was once paradise for the adventurers, but the hell for the working people. （12）总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。）总之，前途

12、是光明的，道路是曲折的。 In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns. 2. Some Paratactic Methods in English （1）Poor acoustics spoilt the performance. Because the acoustics was poor, the performance was spoilt. 音响效果不好，演出大为逊色。音响效果不好，演出大为逊色。 （2）The good tidings filled the whole nation

13、with joy When the good tidings came, the whole nation was filled with joy. 捷报传来，举国欢腾。捷报传来，举国欢腾。 （3）Hunger drove them to sell their children. 原原 译：饥饿使他们卖儿卖女。译：饥饿使他们卖儿卖女。 改译改译1：他们因饥饿卖儿卖女。：他们因饥饿卖儿卖女。 改译改译2：他们饥饿难忍，卖儿卖女。：他们饥饿难忍，卖儿卖女。 改译改译3：他们饿得卖儿卖女。：他们饿得卖儿卖女。 （4）Illness had rendered him rather weak. 原原 译

14、：疾病使他变得相当虚弱。译：疾病使他变得相当虚弱。 改译改译1：他因病相当虚弱。：他因病相当虚弱。 改译改译2：他身患疾病，相当虚弱。：他身患疾病，相当虚弱。 改译改译3：他病得相当虚弱。：他病得相当虚弱。 （5）His arrogance made everyone dislike him. 原译：他的傲慢使谁也不喜欢他。原译：他的傲慢使谁也不喜欢他。 改译：他态度傲慢，谁也不喜欢他。改译：他态度傲慢，谁也不喜欢他。 改译：他傲得没人喜欢他。改译：他傲得没人喜欢他。 （6）The cold weather turned the leaves red. 原译：寒冷的天气使树叶变红了。原译：寒冷

15、的天气使树叶变红了。 改译：天气冷了，树叶（变）红了。改译：天气冷了，树叶（变）红了。 （1）How could you, when you know that this might damage the apparatus? 译文译文A: 既然你知道这样会损坏仪器，你既然你知道这样会损坏仪器，你 怎么能这样做呢？怎么能这样做呢？ （形合）（形合） 译文译文B: 你知道这样会损坏仪器，怎么能你知道这样会损坏仪器，怎么能 这样做呢？这样做呢？ （意合）（意合） （2）If you tell me all about it, I shall be able to decide. 译文译文A: 如果

16、你把一切都告诉我，那么，如果你把一切都告诉我，那么， 我就能作出决定。我就能作出决定。 (形合形合) 译文译文B: 你把一切都告诉我，我就能决定你把一切都告诉我，我就能决定 了。了。 (意合意合) （3）A little of everything and nothing at all. 如果什么事情都是浅尝辄止，终将一如果什么事情都是浅尝辄止，终将一 事无成。事无成。 (形合形合) （4）Admonish your friends in private, praise them in public. 私下忠告你的朋友，公开场合表扬你的朋友。私下忠告你的朋友，公开场合表扬你的朋友。 (意合意合

17、) （5）He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleepbut forever. 让他一个人留在房里总共不过两分钟，当我们让他一个人留在房里总共不过两分钟，当我们 再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡 着了着了但已经永远睡着了。但已经永远睡着了。 (形合形合) How a Wise man Sees it 1 A man recognized as a ge

18、nius in business circles was invited as a guest of honor to a TV interview. Everybody was eager to hear a success story from him. He, however, only said with a slight smile, “Wont it be better for me to ask you for advice on a certain problem?” 2 Here is the problem he raised: People all rushed to t

19、he place where a gold mine had recently been discovered, but they were blocked by a river flowing across the only way to it. What would you do if you were among them? 3 “Make a round about way”, someone suggested. “Swim across”，said another. The genius smiled without a word. Eventually he gave his v

20、iew: “Why not do something else instead of rushing to the mine? How about buying a boat to do some ferrying?” 4 The audience was shocked. He explored calmly: “The man could extort money from the passengers to the greatest extent. They were willing to pay because there was gold on the other bank”. 5

21、Do what the others would not like to or do something never attempted before by others- that is the key to success. A straitened circumstance, in the eyes of a wise man, often means a potential chance for success. How a Wise man Sees it 1 A man recognized as a genius in business circles was invited a

22、s a guest of honor to a TV interview. Everybody was eager to hear a success story from him. He, however, only said with a slight smile, “Wont it be better for me to ask you for advice on a certain problem?” 原译：一个聪明的人是怎样看待的？原译：一个聪明的人是怎样看待的？ 一个在商业界被认为是天才的人被邀请去一个电视访谈一个在商业界被认为是天才的人被邀请去一个电视访谈 节目做嘉宾。每一个人都

23、很迫切地希望从他那里听到一节目做嘉宾。每一个人都很迫切地希望从他那里听到一 个成功的故事。但是，他只是微笑了一下说道：个成功的故事。但是，他只是微笑了一下说道：“让我让我 来征求一下你们对一个特定的问题的建议不是更好吗？来征求一下你们对一个特定的问题的建议不是更好吗？” 改译：智者的眼睛改译：智者的眼睛(眼光眼光/灼见灼见) 某电视台邀请一位商界奇才做访谈节目的嘉宾，大家都某电视台邀请一位商界奇才做访谈节目的嘉宾，大家都 很想听听他的成功之道。但他只是淡淡一笑，说，很想听听他的成功之道。但他只是淡淡一笑，说，“我我 来提个问题，听听你们的意见，不是更好吗？来提个问题，听听你们的意见，不是更好吗

24、？” 2 Here is the problem he raised: People all rushed to the place where a gold mine had recently been discovered, but they were blocked by a river flowing across the only way to it. What would you do if you were among them? 原译：这是他所提出的问题：最近一个金矿被发原译：这是他所提出的问题：最近一个金矿被发 现了，人们都跑去那里，但是他们都被一条唯现了，人们都跑去那里，但

25、是他们都被一条唯 一流向金矿的河所阻挡了。如果你是他们其中一流向金矿的河所阻挡了。如果你是他们其中 的一员，会怎么做？的一员，会怎么做？ 改译：这就是他提的问题：改译：这就是他提的问题： “某地发现一个金矿，人们蜂拥而至，然而一某地发现一个金矿，人们蜂拥而至，然而一 条大河挡住了必经之路。如果是你，会怎么办条大河挡住了必经之路。如果是你，会怎么办?” 3 “Make a round about way”, someone suggested. “Swim across”，said another. The genius smiled without a word. Eventually he

26、gave his view: “Why not do something else instead of rushing to the mine? How about buying a boat to do some ferrying?” 原译：有人建议道：原译：有人建议道：“绕道走绕道走”。另一个人说：。另一个人说：“游泳过游泳过 去去”。天才什么也没说，只是笑着，最终他给出了他的。天才什么也没说，只是笑着，最终他给出了他的 观点：为什么不做其他一些事情而不是跑去那个金矿呢？观点：为什么不做其他一些事情而不是跑去那个金矿呢？ 为什么不去买只船做渡船的生意呢？为什么不去买只船做渡船的生意呢？ 3 有人说有人说 “绕道走绕道走”，有人说，有人说 “游过去游过去”。 商界奇才笑而不语，最后他说：商界奇才笑而不语，最后他说：“为什么非得去淘金，为什么非得去淘金， 做点其他事怎么样？譬如说买条船开展营运做点其他事怎么样？譬如说买条船开展营运?” 4 The audience was sho