定语从句分类详解

1、定语从句一、限制性与非限制性定语从句(一)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号割开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等。如：I want this man,who (=for he) can speak En glish.He gave up the pla n,which (=though it) was a very good one.I met Joh n,who (=a nd he) told me the n ews.I will take this

2、 one,which (=for it) seems to be the best one.He has two sons, who work in the same compa ny. (He has only two son s.)He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.) (二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法1、关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略；2、 Who (主语)，whom(宾语)，which (主语、宾语)不能用 that代替，也不能互相替

3、换；3、介词+which/whom+从句结构中，介词不能移到从句的后面；4、when, where可用于非限制性定语从句。二、关系代词的用法(一)关系代词的作用和分类1 、关系代词的作用有三个：(1) 连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来；(2) 替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词；(3) 成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。2 、关系代词的用法分类、从句 关系用于限制性定语从句和非 限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物主格词Whowhichthat宾格词Who(m)属格词Whose/of whomWhose/of whichwhose关系代词的用

4、法与分类有三点依据：(1) 根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性；(2) 根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物；(3) 根据它在从句中所充当的成分-主语、宾语、表语或者定语。(二) 关系代词that和which的用法1、限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：(1) 当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, someth ing, everyth ing, anything,nothing, the one时。如：Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?You should hand inall that y

5、ou have.（2） 当先行词前面被 the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等词修饰时。如：This isthe very person tha t I m waiting for.The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.（3） 当先行词是 形容词最高级 或者先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。如：This isthe best that has bee n used aga inst polluti on.This isthe most interesting film

6、 that I ve ever seen.（4）当先行词 是序数词或它前面 有序数词修饰 时。如：This train isthe last that will go to Suzhou.What is the first America n film that you have see n?（5）当先行词 既有人又有物 时。如：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?（6） 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。如：Which is the bike that you lost?Whois the bo

7、y that won the gold medal?（7）有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如：They secretly built up a small factory, which produced thingsthat couldcause polluti on.（8）当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如：Shan ghai is no Ion gerthe city that is used to be.2、定语从句中，必须用 which的情况：（1） 在非限制性定语从句中，只用which不用that。如：Helen was much kind

8、er to her youngest son than to the others,which , ofcourse, made the others envy him.（2）当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which不用that。如：This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此把介词置 于关系代词之前。如：This is the pen （which/that）I m looking for .（三） 关系代词 who, whom和whose的用法先行词指人：在定语从句中作主语时，用who,

9、不克省略；在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom/that,可以省略；在定语从句中坐定语时，用whose，不可省略。如：She is the girl That s the girlwho lives n ext door.作主语（whom/that） I teach.作宾语That s the scientistwhose achievements are well known. 作定语This is the house=This is the house,=This is the house,whose window broke last ni ght.the window of whichbr

10、oke last ni ght.of which the widowbroke last ni ght.（四）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which或whom，即:介词+whom/which。1. 当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom关系代词不能省略。如： Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?(2) He paid the boy 10 Yuan for washing ten windows,most of which hadn tbee n clea ne

11、d for at least a year.(3) In the dark street, there wasn t a single person to whomshe could turn for help.(4) Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reas on able.(5) The gen tlema n about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.2.在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用 that/which

12、,that/whom/who 作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。如：_we areud of.thatThis is the hero whoWhom3. ”复合介词短语+关系代词which ”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。如:He lived in a big house,in front of which stooda big tall tree.in which to live to live in.4.介词+which/whom+不定式结构The poor man has no house=The poor man ha

13、s no house =The poor man has no house in which he can live .（五）关系代词as引导的定语从句as在从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句, 中作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列形式:Such名词+as像1.the same+ 名词 +as一样的，像之类和同样的其中关系代词as在从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。如:We have found such materials as are used in their factory.He is not the same man as he was.2.

14、such as Such为代词，意为这样的人或物”，as在从句中担当成分，修饰先行词such.女口：This book is not such as I expect.（六）关系代词as, which 的区别1.as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还克插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可以替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。如：The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect.By serv ing others, a

15、pers on focuses on some one other tha n himself or herself, which can be very eye-ope ning and reward ing.2. 当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用 as.如：As is known to everybody , the moon travels round the earth once every mon th.=The moon travels round the earth once every mon th, as/which is known to everybody.=It

16、 is known to everybody thatthe moon travels round the earth once everybody.= What is known to everybody is thatthe moon travels round the earth once everymon th.后面两句属于名词性从句范畴。另外，as多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样；as iswell-k now n=as is known to all众所周知；as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样；as ofte n

17、 happe ns正如经常发生的那样；as has bee n said before女口上所述；as ismen tio ned above 正如上面提到的。3 .当定语从句放在主句后面是，也并不是as就能永远等于which.(1当限定性定于从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which.女口：He came here very late, which was unexpected .Mr. Smith usually praises his students Rose in public,which she doesn tlike at all.(2) 当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动

18、语态。女口： be known, be said,be reported, be announeed等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用 which作主语。如：She has been absent again, as is expected.她又缺席了，这在预料之中。Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy. Tom取得了彳艮大的进步，这使我很高兴。(3)用在 as(it) seems likely, as(it) often happ in ess, as(it)was prin ted out,as(it) was

19、said earlier, as I remember (it), as I understand(it), as (it) appears等结构中。如：as it ofte n happe ns.Jack has won the first prize,Jack和往常一样，获得了一等奖。She has read widely in Roma ntic literature,as it appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主意文学，这从她的文章中可以看出来。(4) as仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义。如：David is tall, as are my brother

20、s .David很高，我的兄弟也一样。He opposed the idea, as could be expected.不出所料，他反对这个意见。(5) 当非限定性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用which引导定语从句。女口:Betty always tells a lie,which her pare nts find stra nge.(6) 当非限定性定语从句为否定句时，常用which. 如:which she doesn t like atMr. Smith usually praises his stude nt Rose in public, all.三、关系副词的用法(一

21、)当先行词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介词(如: ai,in, at, on, under 等) +which ； why=in, during 等) +which; where=表地点的介词(如:表原因的介词(如:for ) +which; how=表方式的介词(如:in ) +which。如:I still remember the day Can you tell me the officeDo you know the reas onwhen I first came to Beijing.(when=on which) where he works? (

22、where=in which) why he is abse nt?(why=for which)（二） 介词+关系代词（which ） =where/when.有时候为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词 where/when 前加介词 from, to 等。如： China is the birth place of kite,from where kite flying spread to Japa n, Korea, Thaila nd and In dia.（三）对关系副词where的考察对于where的考察趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转化为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词

23、，不能只理解为表示地点。先行词表示某人或物的situation ，或者某事所发展的stage，或表达某事的某个方面时，都可以用where，这个关系副词，如：The accident had reached to a pointwhere both their parents are to be called in.事情发展到如此程度，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。这种用法不仅仅限于定语从句，特殊疑问句中、名词性从句中也有如此用法。四、关系副词和关系代词的比较引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外，他们还有一个最重要的作用，那就是他们分别在定语从句中担当成分。具体地说，关系代

24、词在定语从句中作表语、主语、宾语，而关系副词在定语从句中做状语。因此，在选择关系时，最重要的是 分析一下定语从句中的成分，若从句中却主语、宾语或表语，那么必须用关系代词，若主句中不缺主语、宾语或表语则用关系副词。试比较下面的句子：（1 ）、Do you still remember the daysthat/which we spent in Beijing? （代）（2 ）、Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Beijing?（副）在句中，定语从句中缺宾语，第二局中，定语从句不缺宾语也不缺主语

25、，因此用关系副词when来引导。五、定语从句用法其他要点（一）、关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略。（二）、定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致；当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数的方面，应该与先行词保持一致。1.o ne of +复数名词+关系代词+复数动词。如：The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildi ngsthat draw lots of visitors.长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。Tita nic is one of the won derful moviesthat

26、have bee n produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克号是好莱坞生产的最精彩的电影之一。2. the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数动词。如：The Great Wall is the only one of the buildi ngson the earth that is see n from themoon.长城是地球是唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.在这些精彩的电影中，泰坦尼克号是唯一由好莱坞制作的电影。注意：not the only one of =one of 如：Tom isn t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.=Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam.Tom并非是唯一一个通过考试的男孩=Tom只是通过考试的男孩中的一个。3.当关系代词as与which弓I导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句