英语语法构词法

1、 n The three major processes of word- formation: (a) Compounding (b) Derivation or affixation (c) Conversion A word-formation process consisting of joining two or more roots to form a new unit. Derivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a pr

2、efix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word. Prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base. Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the base, but do not generally change the word-class of the base. They can be classified into th

3、e following eight categories by their meaning: prefixes meaning examples un-not, the converse of unwise, unfortunate, unlocked non-Nonessential, nonsense dis-Dishonest, disadvantage in-Informal, inadequacy im-Immature, mtj(r) immoral il-illegal, irresistible prefixes meaning examples de- reversing t

4、he action Decode, deforest , derail dis-Disconnect disclose prefixes meaningexamples mis-wronglyMishear, mistreatment mal-badMalformed, malfunction pseudo- sju:d falsepseudoscience prefixes meaningexamples arch-supreme Archbishop :t bp arch-criminal super-more thansupermarket out-surpassingOutlive o

5、utbid sur-overSurcharge surpass sub-belowSubnormal Subway, subconscious over-excessiveoverconfident under-too littleunderestimate hyper-extremeHypercritical, hypersensitive prefixes meaningexamples co-withCooperate, coexist counter-againstCounterattack, counter-strike anti-againstanti-clockwise pro-

6、forpro-Chinese, proslavery prefixes meaningexamples sub-undersubway inter-between, among International interactive trans-across, from one place to another Transplant transatlantic prefixes meaningexamples fore-beforeforesee pre-in advancepreschool post-afterpostindustrial ex-formerex-president re-ag

7、ainretell prefixesmeaningexamples semi-, demi- di:ma , hemi- halfsemi-feudal, demi- circle, hemisphere uni-, mono-oneuniform, monotone bi-, di-twobilingual, dilemma tri-threeTriangle, triple Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually ch

8、anging the word-class of the base. Prefixes primarily function as a semantic modification of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base. Prefixes are classified on a semantic basis and suffixes on a grammatica

9、l basis Noun suffixes Adjective suffixes Verb suffixes Adverbs suffixes suffixesmeaningexamples -sterperson engaged in an occupation or activity gamester -eermountaineer -er(or)driver, teenager -antassistant -letsmall, unimportantbooklet, pamphlet -essfemalehostess suffixesmeaningexamples -hoodstatu

10、s stets childhood -shipconditiondictatorship -domrealmKingdom, officialdom -fulamounthandful -tionstateoppression suffixesmeaningexamples -fulfull ofhopeful -lesswithoutmeaningless -lyhaving the quality offriendly -likelikechildlike -ysomewhat likesilky suffixesmeaningexamples -ishsomewhat likefooli

11、sh -somecausingtroublesome -ablecapablechangeable -altypical ofregional suffixesmeaningexamples -ary (ory)connected withimaginary -esquelikePicturesque Statuesque sttuesk -ousfull ofMalicious superstitious -ictypical ofdramatic -ivehaving the quality ofAttractive addictive suffixesmeaning examples -

12、lyin a mannerattentively -warddirection of movementhomeward -foldtimeshundredfold -wisein the manner of as far asis concerned crabwise weather-wise profitwise 53. Which of the following is compound word and which is derivation? A. Nonsmoker. B. Deadline. C. Meanness. D. Misfit. E. simplify F. pre-li

13、beration G. immortal H. postgraduate I. multiracial J. bloodthirsty K. dog-tired L. incoherent A word of certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word- class without the addition of an affix. 1. Noun.-Verb Books are the ladder of human progress. I need to book a 3-star hotel 3months in advance. Seek shelter Shelter the orphans 2. VerbNoun walk to school go for a walk build the subway a man of strong build Adj.verb; advverb I will try to make life better. We try to better our living conditions. Stand back! You are