语法ppt 从属结构(一)[青苗教育]

1、 Infinitive Clause (不定式分句不定式分句)1 ing Participle Clause (-ing 分词分句分词分句 )2 ed Participle Clause (-ed 分词分句分词分句)3 Lecture 32 Subordination Construction (丛丛 属属 结结 构构 ) 1中小学 Part One Infinitive Clause Infinitive Clause Without Subject a) 不定式的逻辑主语是隐含的：不定式的逻辑主语是隐含的： 1) I hope to able to come. (指指“我我 能能 来来”)

2、 2) The best thing would be to tell everybody.（谁去告诉？需按上下文或情景判断（谁去告诉？需按上下文或情景判断） 从内在意义上看就是说话人自己：从内在意义上看就是说话人自己： 3） To be frank , I think it meaningless. Structure of Infinitive Clause (不定式分句的结构模式不定式分句的结构模式) 2中小学 b) Infinitive Clause with subject 主语通常由主语通常由forfor引出：引出： 1) Wed be delighted for you to c

3、ome next come. (很高兴很高兴“你下星期能来你下星期能来”) 间或由间或由with, rather than引出：引出： 2) Rather than you do the job, Id prefer to finish it myself. 独立结构：独立结构： 3) We shall assemble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at precisely 11. c) Infinitive Clause with wh 间或带疑问词间或带疑问词: 1) I dont know what to do. 间或带从属连词间或带

4、从属连词: 2) He opened his lips as if to say something. 3中小学 Function of Infinitive Clause （不定式分句的句法功能）（不定式分句的句法功能） 1) To accept the job would mean moving to Florida. (作主语作主语) 2) Brunos intention was to win the game. （作主补）（作主补） 3) He promised to stop taking drugs. （作宾语）（作宾语） 4) I advised him to take a t

5、axi, or he might be late. （作宾补）（作宾补） 1) She stood up to be seen better. (表目的表目的) = She stood up so that she could be seen better. 2) He got to station only to be told that the train had left. (表结果表结果) 3) He was lucky to have found the lost child. （表原因）（表原因） 4中小学 Part Two ing Participle Clause a) ing

6、 Participle Clause without subject and subordinator 在特定的上下文或情景中判断在特定的上下文或情景中判断: 1) One of my bad habits is biting nails 成为固定用语，其逻辑主语有时是说话人，有时泛指人们成为固定用语，其逻辑主语有时是说话人，有时泛指人们: 2) Judging from what you say, he has done his best. b) ing Participle Clause with subordinator 带从属连词时，分词的逻辑主语通常是主句的主语带从属连词时，分词的逻

7、辑主语通常是主句的主语: 1) When sleeping, I never bear a thing. Structure of ing Participle Clause（-ing 分词分句的结构模式）分词分句的结构模式） 5中小学 c) ing Participle Clause with subject -ing 分词分句也能带自己的主语，如：分词分句也能带自己的主语，如： 1) My parents object to me / my going out alone. (作宾语时作宾语时) 2) Im annoyed about john / johns forgetting to

8、pay.（作介词不足成分）（作介词不足成分） 3) Its no use your pretending to be deaf.（作主语时）（作主语时） 4) The report having been read, a lively discussion began.（为独立结构时）（为独立结构时） 6中小学 Function of ing Participle Clause（-ing -ing 分词分句的句法分词分句的句法功能）功能） -ing 分词分句与不定式分句无意义区别时分词分句与不定式分句无意义区别时： 1) Flying a plane is dangerous. (作主语作主语

9、) To fly a plane is dangerous. 2) I like getting up early. (作宾语作宾语) I like to get up early. 3) Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.(作主补作主补) Our duty is to serving the people heart and soul 4) I taught him speaking English.(作宾补作宾补) I taught him to speak English. 意义略有不同时：意义略有不同时： 1) I hate t

10、elling a lie.(泛指一般人泛指一般人) I hate to tell a lie.（特指主语（特指主语 I ） 2) I noticed an old man crossing the road.(表动作正在进行，非全过程表动作正在进行，非全过程) I noticed an old man cross the road.（表动作以完成，指全过程）（表动作以完成，指全过程）7中小学 -ing 分词作状语时分词作状语时： 1) Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.(作时间状语作时间状语) 2) Havi

11、ng worked hard all day, I was ready for bed by 8:00.（作原因状语）（作原因状语） 3) You will make yourself more tired, keeping on your feet. = if you keep on your feet （作条件状语）（作条件状语） 4) Knowing all this, they still insisted on my paying for the damage.（作让步状语）（作让步状语） 5) It rained heavily, causing severe flooding i

12、n that area.（作结果状语）（作结果状语） 6) He ran up to her, breathing heavily.（作伴随状语）（作伴随状语） 8中小学 Part Three ed Participle Clause Structure of ed Participle Clause（-ed 分词分句的分词分句的结构模式）结构模式） a) ed Participle Clause without subject and subordinator 逻辑主语有上下文判定：逻辑主语有上下文判定： 1）Covered with confusion, she hurriedly lef

13、t the room. b) ed Participle Clause with subordinator 这里所说的从属连词可以是when, though, although, as if / as though, if , even if, once, unless, until等，如等，如： 1) This dictionary will look nice when printed. 2) Do not leave the building unless instructed. 9中小学 c) ing Participle Clause with subject -ed 分词本身也能带

14、有自己的主语：分词本身也能带有自己的主语： 1) The job finished, we went home straightly. 也可视为省略了也可视为省略了being 或或 having been,如：如： 2) My work done (= My work being done), I went bed. 带有自己的主语，即独立结构，有时可由带有自己的主语，即独立结构，有时可由 with 引出引出, 如如 : 3) With the tree grown tall, we got more shade. 10中小学 Function of ed Participle Clause（

15、-ed 分词分句的句法分词分句的句法功能）功能） -ed 分词作后置修饰语，如：分词作后置修饰语，如： 1) One of the house wrecked by the storm belonged to my father. (后置修饰语后置修饰语) -ed 分词作状语，如：分词作状语，如： 1) Heated, the metal expands. （作时间状语）（作时间状语） 2) Deeply moved, he thanked her again and again. （作原因状语）（作原因状语） 3) United, we stand; divided, we fall.（作条

16、件状语）（作条件状语） 4) Left to his own device, Charles did not relax his efforts. （作让步状语）（作让步状语） 5) He went to Beijing that that winter, disguised as a merchant. （作伴随状语）（作伴随状语） 11中小学 32.4无动词分句 无动词分句实际上是一种省略结构。所谓” 无动词”是因为这种分句结构既没有限定 动词词组也没有非限定动词词组作谓语动 词。因此，它既不同于限定分句，也不同 于非限定分句。无动词分句基本上属于 SVC 句型，只是动词不表示出来，主语也

17、 通常不表示出来。 12中小学 1无动词分句的结构模式 无动词分句，就结构模式来说，分为不带从属连词， 带有从属连词和带有自己主语的三类。 不带从属连词的无动词分句 这类无动词分句可由形容词词组表示： Speechless, Victor Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat Big and fat ,she went to Mass every morning . Right or wrong ,I have given him a piece of mind. 还可由名词词组表示： An excellent speaker ,he was never

18、 at a loss for a word. 13中小学 14 b) 带有从属连词的无动词分句 这类无动词分句又有四种形式，看、即从属连词+名词词组： When still a boy of six ,Bob was sent away from home. 从属连词+形容词词组： Although always helpful ,he was not much liked by people. 从属连词+介词词组： When in Rome ,do as the Romans do. 从属连词+副词词组： He spoke ungraciously, if not rudely. 14中小学

19、 c)带有自己主语的无动词分句 带有自己主语的无动词分句也是一种“独立结构”。这种无动 词分句通常由名词词组+名词词组/介词词组/形容词词组/副词词 组构成。例如： Two hundred people died in the accident ,many of them children. He looked up ,annoyance on his face. Miriam looked at Marry his eyes full of doubt and discomfort. Breakfast over, he went to his counting house. 15中小学 2

20、无动词分句的句法功能 无动词分句可在句中作名词修饰语和状语。作主语，无动词分句可表示时 间，地点，原因，条件，让步，方式或伴随状况等意义。例如： You must eat when fresh . The cardboard is light-proof where thick. It has little taste ,unless hot. There he stood, a tray in each hand. 无动词分句作名词修饰语通常相当于一个非限定性关系分句。例如： His hands ,numb from the cold ,could not find the key. A f

21、ellow Georgian ,Jordan was well-known as a friend of the President. 16中小学 关于“独立结构” 1，“独立结构”的实质和类型 所谓“独立结构”实质上就是带有自己主语的非限定分 句和无动词分句。如前所述，非限定分句和无动词分句通 常是以主句的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于 主句。但也有一些非限定分句和无动词分句带有自己的主 语，从而在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法管它 叫做“独立结构”。其实，所谓“独立结构”也并非真正 独立，它还是一种从属分句。 “独立结构”，按其结构形式，分为不定式“独立结 构”，-ing分词

22、“独立结构”，-ed 分词“独立结构”和 无动词“独立结构”，通常在分句中起状语分句的作用。 17中小学 举例： A number of officials followed the emperor ,some to hold his robe ,others to adjust his girdle, and so on. He went off ,gun in hand. The floor being wet and slippery ,we stayed outside. The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller. 18中小学 2”

23、独立结构”的用法和意 义 由上述诸例可以看出， ”独立结构”与主句之间通常用逗号隔开， 但也有用破折号的，例如： The room was in chaos-dirty clothes strewn on the floor ,cosmetics scattered over the dresser ,empty bottles and cans everywhere. 由上述诸例也可以看出，在“独立结构”中作主语的名词词 组有时也可省去限定词。例如： The manager sat quietly in the office ,(his )eyes closed. 由上述诸例还可以看出， ”独立结构”的位置是比较灵活的， 它可以位于句首，句中或句尾。例如： All things considered I think I ought to award the job to Smiths 19中小学 如果一句中含有几个“独立结构”通常把表示概括意义的结构置于最 后，例如： The professor was slammed against the wall ,his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignit