主旨阅读题的解法完整版

1、 主旨题的识别和形式主旨题的识别和形式 o辨别和理解文章的中心思想是大学英语四级考试阅 读测试的重中之重，2006年修订的新四级考试大 纲仍然将对此项能力的考查置于首位。新四级仔细 阅读部分(Reading in Depth) 与此项能力直接相 关的一种题型称为主旨题。 o主旨题的识别一般都很简单，直接询问考生全文的 中心思想是什么，通常包括三种形式：主题大意 (main idea)、写作目的(purpose)和文章标题 (title)。常见的问法有以下几种： 主旨题的问题形式主旨题的问题形式 oThe main idea of this passage is oThe major point

2、 of this passage is oThis passage is mainly about oThis passage mainly talks about/ discusses oThis passage gives a general description of oThe authors purpose in writing this passage is oThe title of this passage is oThis passage can be entitled 如何确定一篇文章的中心思想如何确定一篇文章的中心思想 o新四级的仔细阅读部分，选择题型的篇章阅 读共两篇文

3、章，十道题目，要求考生在15分 钟之内完成，平均每篇文章大约7-8分钟的 时间，其中文章的阅读大约3-4分钟的时间。 在这么短的时间内读完一篇300-350字的文 章，逐字逐句通读全文寻找主旨的方法就显 得不切合实际了，这必然要求考生采用适当 的阅读技巧，如采用略读(skimming)和跳 读(skip-reading)相结合的阅读方式。 略读略读 o略读是一种浏览式的阅读方法，其主要目的是为了快速有效地 把握文章的主旨大意，是平时为了大量获取信息和各种英语应 试阅读中特别常用而且极为重要的一种阅读方法。这种方法主 要是指在阅读过程中，只关注与全文大意密切相关的主题信息， 而忽略其它支持性的细

4、节信息。四级考试中，阅读文章主要以 说明文、记叙文和议论文为主，一篇文章的主题信息通常会出 现在以下几处： o一、文章各段的首句和尾句。这些处于较明显、较特殊位置的 句子往往是段落和文章的主题句，具有相当大的重要性; o二、强转折处。通常以but, however, rather, yet, instead 等词为标志，这些词汇后面的句子是主题性信息; o三、因果关系处。通常以therefore, as a result, thus, so, That is why等词语或句式为标志，这些词汇或句式后面的句 子是主题性信息; 略读略读 o四、递进处。通常以moreover, furthermo

5、re, whats more, whats the most important, most important of all, most importantly等词汇或短语为标志，这些词汇或短语后 面出现的信息是被强调的信息，即主题信息出现的地方; o五、例证处。通常以for example, for instance, Lets take, Consider等词汇、短语或句式为标志，这些词汇、 短语或句式表示举例，也是支持性的细节信息，位于例子前后 的句子一般都是例子要说明的主题; o六、并列处。通常以firstly, secondlyfinally, someothers, for on

6、e thingfor another, on the one handon the other hand等组合为标志，这些组合都是支持 性的细节信息，位于这些组合前后的句子一般都是这些细节信 息所要支持的主题。 跳读跳读 o跳读可以作为略读的辅助。跳读旨在掌握文章的全貌和要点， 但又不必将文章中所有的词句全部都读进眼帘，句子中期补充 说明、修饰限定作用的，在跳读过程中就可以略去不读。因此， 跳读主要是为了抓住句子的主干部分，忽略次要部分，这种阅 读方法并不影响读者对于文章主题信息的把握。 o当主题信息处是长难句时，这种方式尤为有效。跳读可以分为 以下三种形式： o一、根据特殊的标点符号提示，采

7、用跳读法。文章中的标点符 号都有其一定的含义。如：两个逗号之间是插入成分或同位语; 括号内表示举例或补充说明;冒号通常用来列举事物、附加解释 说明性内容;破折号通常放在解释性分句或句子前，或是用来列 举前面总括的若干内容，或是放在解释性的插入语之前或之后 等。阅读时，可以将两个逗号之间的部分、括号内的部分、冒 号后的部分、破折号后的部分和两个破折号之间的部分省略不 读; 跳读跳读 o二、根据句法结构，采用跳读法。主要是在遇到长难句时，抓 住句子的主干部分，即主语部分、谓语部分和宾语部分，而其 它补充成分，即定语(从句)、状语(从句)和补语部分可以略去 不读; o三、根据文章结构和组织形式及段落

8、间逻辑关系、主题句等， 采用跳读法。阅读时，重点关注主题句、表明作者观点的词句， 对于举例论证、引用论证、数据论证、正反论证、比喻论证等 部分则一带而过，跳过不读。 选择性阅读题分类选择性阅读题分类 o根据历年四级考试真题中的文章结构，将四级仔细 阅读文章中心思想获取的方式大致划分为五种。 o1、综合型 o2、开门见山型 o3、对比型 o4、问题型 o5、实验型 1、综合型 oFaces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people. Even

9、a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young childor even an animal, such as a pigeoncan learn to recognize faces, we all take this ability for granted. oWe also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about some

10、ones personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks thinks and feels that make that individual different from others. oLike the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someones personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to

11、 describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe a “nice person”, you might begin to think about someone who was kind considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth. oThere are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels

12、and acts. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in peoples behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types-people are described with such ter

13、ms. oPeople have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villains(坏人)or the heros role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin persona, meaning “mask”. Today, most television and movie actors do

14、 not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions. o70. Which of the following is the major point of the passage? A) Why it is necessary to identify peoples personality B) Why it is possible to describe people

15、 C) How to get to know people D) How best to recognize people 2、开门见山型 oMost episodes of absent-mindednessforgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room- are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. “Youre supposed to remember something, but you havent encode

16、d it deeply.” oEncoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and dont pay attention to what you did because

17、 youre involved in a conversation, youll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe (衣 柜). “Your memory itself isnt failing you.” says Schacter. “Rather, you didnt give your memory system the information it needed.” oLack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedne

18、ss. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago.” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that. oVisual cues can help preven

19、t absent-mindedness says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available.” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication (药物) with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen tabledont leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket. oAnother common

20、 episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why youre there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time.” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and youll likely remember. o30.

21、What is the passage mainly about? A) The process of gradual memory loss. B) The causes of absent-mindedness. C) The impact of the environment on memory. D) A way of encoding and recalling. 3、对比型 oAmericans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a

22、 uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States? oAmong the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) Clothes. People

23、have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurs

24、e, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform? oUniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible(可减税的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clot

25、hes. oPrimary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When

26、 people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least. oUniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring

27、professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes. oThe best title for this passage would be _. A) Uniforms and Society B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms 4

28、、问题型 oAmtrak(美国铁路客运公司)was experiencing a downswing in ridership (客运量)along the lines comprising its rail system. Of major concern to Amtrak and its advertising agency DDB Needham，were the long-distance western routes where ridership had been declining significantly. oAt one time，trains were the only

29、 practical way to cross the vast areas of the west. Trains were faster，luxurious，and quite convenient compared to other forms of transportation existing at the time. However，times change and the automobile became Americas standard of convenience. Also，air travel had easily established itself as the

30、fastest method of traveling great distances. Therefore，the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train travel in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west. oTwo portions of the total marke

31、t were targeted: 1) anxious fliers-those concerned with safety， relaxation，and cleanliness and 2) travel-lovers- those viewing themselves as relaxed，casual，and interested in the travel experience as part of their vacation. The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel experiences such

32、as freedom， escape，relaxation，and enjoyment of the great western outdoors. It stressed experiences gained by u sing the trains and portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures. oAdvertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that could be enjoyed along some of the more famous weste

33、rn routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains(Empire Builder， etc.).These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target audiences. Results were impressive. The Empire Builder, whi

34、ch was focused on in one ad. enjoyed a 15 percent increase in profits on its Chicago to Seattle route.( oWhats the authors purpose in writing this passage? A) To show the inability of trains to compete with planes with respect to speed and convenience. B) To stress the influence of the automobile on

35、 Americas standard of convenience. C) To emphasize the function of travel agencies in market promotion. D) To illustrate the important role of persuasive communication in changing consumer attitudes. 5、实验型 oCommunications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The firs

36、t study to compare honesty across a range of communications media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded-and can come back to haunt (困扰)you appears to be the key to the finding. oJeff Hancoc

37、k of Cornell University in Ithaca, Mew York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per co

38、nversation foe each medium .He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails，21 per cent of instant messages,27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls. oHis results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment(非直接接触)of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expe