American_Social_Movements in the 1960s美国社会问题

1、2021/6/161 American Social Movements of the 1960s and Its Social Problems 2021/6/162 Social Movement n A social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempts to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life. All social movements have two

2、 basic characteristics: “ Structure and Spontaneity.” 2021/6/163 The Civil Right Movement nThe American Civil Rights Movement (19551968) refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring suffrage in Southern states.

3、2021/6/164 The Jim Crow Laws n Jim Crow was a character in an old song who was revived by a white comedian called Daddy Rice. Rice used the character to make fun of black people and the way that they spoke. The term Jim Crow came to be used as an insult against black people. n In a bid to stop black

4、 Americans from being equal, the southern states passed a series of laws known as Jim Crow laws which discriminated against blacks and made sure that they were segregated (treated unequally) from whites. 2021/6/165 Because of Jim Crow Laws- Blacks were excluded form all newspapers and from trading.

5、Negroes gradually lost jobs in government, which they gained after the Civil War. nWhites owned the land, the police, the government, the courtrooms, the law, the armed forces, and the press. The political system denied blacks the right to vote. nMurders were conducted in secret and in public by whi

6、te men. The blacks were harassed and abused, physically and verbally. These violent acts became a part of their life. nSigns were put up to separate facilities saying whites only and colored or Negroes appearing on parks, toilets, waiting rooms, theatres, and water fountains. 2021/6/166 Ku Klux Klan

7、 n Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes. The KKK

8、has a record of terrorism, violence, and lynching to intimidate, murder, and oppress African Americans, Jews and other minorities and to intimidate and oppose Roman Catholics and labor unions. 2021/6/167 Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-in nIn 1960 4 freshmen from North Carolina Agricultural and Technic

9、al College in Greensboro strolled into the F. W. Woolworth store and quietly sat down at the lunch counter. They were not served, but they stayed until closing time. The next morning they came with twenty-five more students. Ronald Martin, Robert Patterson, and Mark Martin stage sit-down strike afte

10、r being refused service at an F.W. Woolworth luncheon counter, Greensboro, N.C. 1960. 2021/6/168 nTwo weeks later similar demonstrations had spread to several cities, within a year similar peaceful demonstrations took place in over a hundred cities North and South. At Shaw University in Raleigh, Nor

11、th Carolina, the students formed their own organization, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced Snick). 2021/6/169 nThe students bravery in the face of verbal and physical abuse led to integration in many stores even before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 2021/

12、6/1610 Rosa Louise McCauley Parks n(February 4, 1913 October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist whom the U.S. Congress later called the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. 2021/6/1611 2021/6/1612 Martin Luther King, Jr. nThe Father of the modern civil Right movement

13、in the U.S.A. King was born 15 January 1929 and died on 4 April 1968. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, he died when he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. These are some of Dr Martin Luther Kings famous speeches which immortalized the civil rights movement of the 1960s and still give inspi

14、ration today 2021/6/1613 The Montgomery Bus Boycott nWhen Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama, and was arrested in December 1955, she set off a train of events that generated a momentum the civil rights movement had never before experienced. Deciding to bo

15、ycott the buses, the African American community soon formed a new organization to supervise the boycott, the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). nThe young pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., was chosen as the first MIA leader. The boycott, more succes

16、sful than anyone hoped, led to a 1956 Supreme Court decision banning segregated buses. 2021/6/1614 5,000 at Meeting Outline Boycott; Bullet Clips Bus. Montgomery, Alabama, Bus Boycott. Montgomery Advertiser, December 6, 1955. 2021/6/1615 The Freedom Rides n The Freedom Riders of the early 1960s, org

17、anized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), rode through the South seeking integration of the bus, rail, and airport terminals. 2021/6/1616 2021/6/1617 2021/6/1618 nThe August 28, 1963, March on Washington riveted the nations attention. Rather than the anticipated hundred thousand marchers, mo

18、re than twice that number appeared, astonishing even its organizers. nBlacks and whites, side by side, called on President John F. Kennedy and the Congress to provide equal access to public facilities, quality education, adequate employment, and decent housing for African Americans. 2021/6/1619 Brow

19、n v. Board of Education of Topeka nGeorge E.C. Hayes, left, Thurgood Marshall, center, and James M. Nabrit, the lawyers who led the fight before the U.S. Supreme Court for abolition of segregation in public schools, descend the court steps in Washington, D.C., on May 17, 1954. The Supreme Court rule

20、d that segregation is unconstitutional. 2021/6/1620 nThe 1965 Voting Rights Act created a significant change in the status of African Americans throughout the South. Prior to this, only an estimated twenty- three percent of voting-age blacks were registered nationally, but by 1969 the number had jum

21、ped to sixty-one percent. n Signing the Voting Rights Act, August 6, 1965. U.S. News and World Report, August 16, 1965. 2021/6/1621 nThe Civil Rights Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Johnson in the Summer of 1964. 2021/6/1622 The Youth Movement Free Speech Movement was a s

22、tudent protest which took place during the 1964-1965 school year on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley under the informal leadership of students Mario Savio, Brian Turner, Steve Weissman, Art Goldberg, Jackie Goldberg, and others. 2021/6/1623 In protests unprecedented at the time,

23、students insisted that the university administration lift a ban on on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students right to free speech and academic freedom. 2021/6/1624 Counterculture n In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called

24、 the “counter culture”. The Counterculture rejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. 2021/6/1625 nAmong the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cul