外文翻译城市高密度公共景观理论及规划设计

1、城市高密度公共景观理论及规划设计 摘要 着眼于中国城市景观规划建设的实际需要，剖析中国城市高密度公共景观的成因动力，提出了面向高密度公共性的城市景观规划设计理论与方法。关键词 人类聚居，高密度景观，城市 公共景观，城市景观规划设计城市景观的生命力在于其拥有广泛的社会活动，由此引出了人类聚集的问题(刘滨谊1996)。相对于人类居住而言，人类聚集，简称人聚。与私密性的个体人居相对，人聚体现了群体活动及其公共性，这也正是城市公共性景观的灵魂。探讨人们的各类聚集活动以及由此对于城市景观提出的种种公共性要求，这是现代城市景观规划设计众多研究课题共同的出发点。因为大量人聚的需求，城市景观具有极强的集聚性，

2、因而也就具有了极强的公共性要求，城市公共性景观是现代城市景观的集中体现。与居住活动相比，聚集活动一大特征是空间上的相对集中，加之原本就极为紧张的现代城市公共空间用地， 因此，高密度是现代城市公共性景观规划设计难题的集中代表。 城市高密度公共景观理论及规划设计城市公共景观规划设计理论研究公共景观研究是城市景观理论的核心。纵览国内外的理论研究成果，分为三个层面。城市景观形态研究 形式是景观规划设计的基础，这方面已有许多研究成果，例如，以黄金律为代表的古典形式分析理论、以图底原理为代表的格式塔心理学理论、视觉心理学理论等等。但是，迄今为止，这些理论总体上还停留于两维平面形式的分析而缺乏三维空间的分析

3、，而这恰恰是景观形式的本质问题。 在景观视觉方面，因其构成要素的特征，与其它类型的景观相比，城市景观的空间性最强，在形式层面上，城市景观形态设计就是城市空间设计。 城市景观感知研究 仅有城市景观形态不够，对于城市集聚者，城市景观设计还要关注活动行为及其深层心理。意象性的强弱是随着社会性活动的强弱成正相关的，而与形式的突出与否却不一定有关联；虽然研究也发现形式的突出，对于活动较强的地区有相关的正面作用(Jan Gehl 1994)。这些研究表明外部空间之所以能够成为人们生活地点的记忆，其最重要的条件是“社会性活动”， 而不是炫耀的形式。因此，城市景观规划设计必须研究了解如何让人们的活动在景观空间

4、中发生、并能持续驻留、以触发增加人们彼此交流的机会。城市景观的品质不仅因形态美而存在，更因人群生活互动的存在而美丽。 城市景观使用研究 城市景观的魅力和灵魂在于拥有广泛的社会活动。探讨各类聚集活动及其对于城市景观的各类公共性要求，已成为现代城市景观规划设计的首要研究课题。在城市环境对于公众行为的影响方面已进行了不少研究：以城市活力为题，重新审视城市空间和环境；以公众活动为题，研究行为规律；从微观角度，对个人景观空间的限定、大小、分类、环境与变化因素等进行的研究描述。 城市高密度公共景观的构成从使用者对公共景观感知的三方面物质空间、经验环境、人群活动的特征，以人群密度为参照，作者将城市公共景观划

5、分为两极。以上理论划分的各部分在现实高密度公共景观中往往相互重叠、因地而变。如在居住人口密度较高的老城区，任何公园绿地都可能是高密度的公共景观，而在新区中，一大片广场绿地并不一定有很多人使用。城市公共景观的高密度使用特征，是现阶段城市发展的必然。 以高密度公共性重新审视中国城市景观设计重视景观形象轻视人聚活动 在城市公共景观设计中，对景观形，对于真正使用者的行为活动则考虑较少。广场上设有硬地，但对于其中使用者的活动却少有策划。大面积的草坪仅仅为了满足视觉观赏而不考虑人入其中的活动。 忽视高密度人聚 规划设计者对公共景观各方面的规划通常以较为空旷的使用状态为依据，对高密度使用缺乏预见。规划设计理

6、念崇尚西方，其公共空间使用密度远低于中国，造成后的效果是难以容纳高密度的使用，不仅给市民带来不便，也使景观设施受损。目前，用地面积是评判一个城市公共景观规模的唯一指标，对于高密度使用，应补充“使用密度”这一指标。 规划设计形式选择的错位 公共景观规划设计形式很难以传统的园林形式为范本。传统小群体私密性的园林景观，远远不能适应现代大众化公共性的使用要求。然而，目前许多大型公共景观在形式上，从场地布置到景观细节，还是照搬传统园林，那种曲径通幽式的传统园林不应该成为现代高密度公共性景观规划设计的障碍。 面对高密度公共性的城市景观规划设计面对高密度公共性的城市景观，需从三方面更新规划设计观念: 规划设

7、计价值取向; 规划设计方法；景观评价。三方面相互联系，缺一不可。价值取向满足市民多样化的活动要求是高密度公共性城市景观规划设计的首要目标: 即在有限的景观用地中创造出多样化的使用功能，既满足常规活动，也能刺激各种潜在活动，给市民留下充分的创造天地。 高密度公共性景观的美学标准不仅是古典美，其美学标准有二: 首先是景观环境的大众化的审美标准；其次是景观中大众活动本身的景观美。面向公众、促进公共活动开展和公共景观活力生成，进而提升整个城市的活力，这是高密度公共性景观规划设计的社会价值取向。规划设计方法经典理论关于公共景观规划设计的思维有两个着眼点：物质景观空间和使用者，其各自重点是形式审美和公共活

8、动。针对这种城市景观规划设计二元论方法的不足，对于高密度公共性城市景观，其规划设计思维应当是从使用者出发，从策划公共活动的设想出发，自下而上，逆向思维反推出最终的场地等规划设计总体，然后进行三层次价值目标的检验，再回到公共活动设想的检验上，再分析，再设计，再检验。这种规划设计思维过程的引领始终是使用者可能的和潜在的活动。 对于目前中国公共景观规划设计，评价应该从现实出发，面向高密度公共性景观，面向大众使用者。城市高密度公共景观的形成有城市建设发展的制约因素，也有社会文化生活的影响。这种高密度的使用特征随着城市景观建设的加速发展已经进入议事日程，并将日益重要。在未来中国大量性的城市景观规划设计与

9、建设项目中，高密度公共性景观将首当其冲、成为重点。Theory of high-density urban and landscape planning and design of publicAbstractFocus on the actual needs of the urban landscape planning and construction in China, analyze the causes power of the high-density public landscapeof Chinese cities, proposedforhigh-density public

10、of the citylandscapedesign theory andmethods.Key words human settlements, high-density landscape, cityPublic landscape, urban landscape planning and design of urban landscape vitality lies in its wide range of social activities, which raises the question of human aggregation (Liu Binyi 1996).Relativ

11、e to human habitation, the human aggregate, referred to as people gather.Relative the privacy of individuals living to human together embodied the group activities and their public nature, which is the public nature of the city landscape of the soul.The types of people are gathering and the resultin

12、g urban landscape for the public nature of these proposed requirements, which is a modern urban landscape planning and design of many research topics of common starting point.Because the needs of a large number of people gather, the urban landscape with a strong clustering and, therefore, the public

13、 has a strong requirement, the city landscape is the public nature of the concentrated expression of the modern urban landscape.Compared with the live event, gathering a great feature is the relative concentration of space, combined with the already very tight spaces of modern urban public space, th

14、erefore, high-density public nature of the modern urban landscape planning and design challenges of the concentration of representatives.High-density urban planning and design of public landscape theory and design of urban public landscape planning theory is the public landscape of the core theory o

15、f the urban landscape. Overview of results of theoretical studies at home and abroad, is divided into three levels.Morphology of the urban landscape form the basis for landscape planning and design, there are many studies in this area, for example, the Golden Rule as the representative of the classi

16、cal theory of formal analysis to map the end of Gestalt theory, represented by psychological theory, visual psychology theoryand so on.However, to date, these theories still remain generally flat in the form of two-dimensional analysis of the lack of analysis of three-dimensional space, and this is

17、precisely the nature of the landscape in the form of the problem.Visual aspects of the landscape, because the characteristics of elements, compared with other types of landscape, urban landscape space of the strongest, in the form level, the urban landscape form design is the design of urban space.P

18、erception of the urban landscape not only shape the urban landscape, the urban agglomeration, city landscape design but also its deep concern about acts of psychological activities.With the image of strength is the strength of social activities are positively correlated, or highlighted with the form

19、 is not necessarily linked. Although the study also found that the form of prominent area for activities related to the strong positive effect(Jan Gehl 1994).These studies show that outer space has been able to become a place of living memory, the most important condition is that social activities,

20、rather than show off the form.Therefore, the urban landscape planning and design must be studied to understand how human activities occur in the landscape, and can continue to reside, to trigger increased opportunities for people to communicate with each other.The quality of the urban landscape exis

21、ts only because of body beauty, but also because of the existence of interaction between people and beautiful life.Use of the urban landscape urban landscape and the soul is to have the charm of a wide range of social activities.And for all kinds of gatherings of the urban landscape of public requir

22、ements, has become a modern urban landscape planning and design of primary research.In the urban environment of public behavior has done a lot of research: the theme of urban vitality, re-examine the urban space and the environment; to the theme of public activities, rules of behavior; the micro, in

23、dividual landscape space limit,size, classification, environmental factors and changes in the study conducted by description.High-density urban public landscape composition from the user on the public perception of the three aspects of the landscape - physical space, experience the environment, huma

24、n activity - the characteristics, population density as a reference, of the urban public landscape is divided into two poles.Various parts of the above theory by high-density public landscape in the real often overlap, and change from place to place.If the population of higher density in the old cit

25、y, green parks are likely to be any high-density public landscape, and in the District, the Square, a large green space is not necessarily a lot of people.High-density urban public use features of the landscape is inevitable at this stage of urban development.To re-examine the high-density public of

26、 great importance to Chinas urban landscape image landscape design activities in contempt of people gather in the urban public landscape design, landscape and shape the behavior of real users for activities are considered less.Square with the hard, but for which the users activities are rarely plann

27、ed.Large area of lawn just to meet people without regard to the visual view into one of the activities.Who ignore the high-density polyethylene planners and designers in all aspects of public landscape planning is often the use of a more open state, based on the use of high-density, lack of foresigh

28、t.Planning design concept advocating the West, the public space with a density much lower than in China, resulting in the effect after it is difficult to accommodate high-density use, not only cause inconvenience to the public, but also so that the landscape was damaged.Currently, the land area is t

29、o assess the scale of a city, the only indicator of public view, for high density use, should be added intensity of use of the target.Dislocation of the form of planning and design choices in the form of public landscape planning and design garden is difficult to form the traditional model.Privacy o

30、f the traditional small group of landscape, far can not meet the requirements of the mass public.However, the current landscape in the form of many large public, from site layout to landscape details, or copy the traditional garden, the kind of winding-style traditional garden should not be a modern

31、 high-density public of landscape planning and design of the barrier.The face of high-density public urban landscape planning and design of high-density public face of the urban landscape planning and design need to update the concept of three aspects: planning and design values; Planning and Design

32、; landscape evaluation.Three interrelated, are indispensable.Values meet the requirements of a variety of activities is a high density of urban landscape planning and design of public primary objective: that is, in the limited space in the landscape to create a variety of features used, both to meet

33、 the routine activities, but also can stimulate a variety of potential activities,leave enough to the public to create heaven and earth.High-density public nature of the landscape is not only the aesthetic standards of classical beauty, the aesthetic standard is twofold: first, the popular landscape

34、 the aesthetic standards of the environment; followed by the landscape, the landscape itself, the public activities of the United States.For the public and promote public activities carried out and vitality of public landscape generation, and thus enhance the vitality of the city, which is high-dens

35、ity public of landscape planning and design of social value orientation.Planning and DesignThe classical theory of landscape design on the public mind there are two focus: physical landscape of space and users focus on their respective forms of aesthetic and public events.In view of this dualistic urban landscape planning and design methods ina