整理文体学答案

1、文体学 课后题 1 、 2 单元1 identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples.1) words and phrases shilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhyme high and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhyme kith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhyme part and parcel = reverse rhyme by

2、hook or by crook = rhyme 2) pride and prejudice = alliterationthe love s labour lost = alliteration of mice and man = alliterationbill rogers, marvelous marathon man = alliteration father in a fix = alliteration witch watch = alliteration the wonder of waterfall = alliteration 3)advertisements-drink

3、a pinta milka day = sound elision-extra pintas warma winta = sound elision-be different daily. be dreamy or dramatic. experiment, but still economise. be bold and be beautiful but don tbreak the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration;reverse rhyme; alliteration2) the underlined word(s) in eac

4、h of the following examples 1)nim chimpsky sounds like noam chompsky, who believes that manhas a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught.this makes mandifferent from animal, which does not have such a device. that is why chimpanz

5、ee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hard it is taught.3) romeowis a word imitatingthe sound madeby a cat and sharesthe same pronunciationwith the main character inshakespeare s tragedy romeoand juliet. romeohas deep love for juliet. it indica

6、tes that romeow the cat has affection for the master.4) record shop named moby disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the moby dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called moby dick.3 1) phonological devices in the following extract.a creak of hinges.a

7、isle.in this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. what is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. the use of such words

8、 help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable.2) read the following extract from the novel adventures of tom3) sawyer and comment on the graphological forms.“ tom” !no answer-mark twaithis is one episode of the novel adventures of tom sawyer,

9、depicting how granny is looking for tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. the different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how granny speaks. when we read it, we have the feeling of watching granny on a stage play.for example, “tom”!is said louder than “tom!” . “y -o-u-u,tom! ”

10、 indicates granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. the exclamation marks“! ” show her emotion, and the dash “ implies her sudden stop. the italicized through emphasizes the contrast with“over ” and “under” , humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornam

11、ent rather than practical use. in the whole passage, we see the only character granny, who is speaking to herself. it is very much like a stage monologue. afterreading, we have a vivid image of granny in our mind. and there is a touch of humour all through.3 单元1 what are thethree ways of clause clas

12、sification? classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. by constituents clauses can be grouped into sv(a), svo(a), svc, svoo,svoc.by verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. by functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause

13、 or dependent clause.2 how do we distinguish situation types?by according to meaning or sense of the verb.3 name the participant roles in action types?the participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do th

14、e action with), recipient role (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the action).4 what is a simple sentence? what is a multiple sentence? directly/indirectlya simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure sv(o) (c) (a).a multiple sentence consists of mo

15、re than one clause. it may be either a compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence.d :nominal clauses function as s o c .i:relative clauses function as modified in np and comparative c f as m in np adjp5 what is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentence?neither

16、 type conforms to the basic clause structure. but a minor sentence is supposed to be “complete ” in the sense that it is finished. an incomplete sentence never comes to its end because of sudden interruption or other reasons. for example, (1) attention, please. (2) help!(3) going to the lecture? (4)

17、why are you late?because i of the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is an incomplete.6 what are the major components of a noun phrase?what is the use of pre-modification?what is the function of post-modification?a complete noun phrase consists of four constituents: determin

18、er, pre-modifier, head and post-modifier. the determiner can be an article, numerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinative and the head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to; the head can be a noun or a pronoun; the post-modifier is usually a prepositional phr

19、ase, a noun phrase, a non-finite clause, a relative clause, etc.frequent use of pre-modification in newspaper headlines can economize space, and arouse the reader s intere st as well because pre-modification is usually short, thus cannot spell out details. this keeps the reader in suspense and kicks

20、 up their eagerness to find out. pre-modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style.post-modification can be very long and complicated. using post-modification can give enough room for details and for further information. therefore, it is frequently used in more formal contexts,

21、for instance, written language. written legal english prefers post-modification in noun phrases, because the composer of a legal document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly, guarding against any possible misinterpretation.7 what are the three basic factors in the formation of

22、 written texts?for effective presentation of information and language processing on the part of the reader, we usually attach importance to sequence, segmentation and salience in the formation of texts, both spoken and written.8 which type of branching is commonin informal speech? which type of bran

23、ching is preferred in written styles?right-branching is commonin speech, in relaxed and informal presentation of writer may favor right-branching and use short, simple sentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity, directness and intensity.left-branching, however, is better adapted to writi

24、ng because it is structurally more compact and logical, and it is usually more formal. since subordinate ideas are presented first, postponing the main idea, readers often feel in suspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards the end of the sentence.9 what is the basic phrase order?wha

25、t are the stylistic effects of fronting and postponement?the basic phrase order in an english declarative clause is more or less fixed: sv(o)(c)(a), with a being mobile in position. the change of the order can make a particular language unit more salient.fronting refers the movement of a sentential

26、element from its usual position to the front, and postponement refers the movement of a linguistic unit fromits normal placetowards the end of the sentence. in both cases the elements moved are highlighted. for example,(1) talent mr. micawber has, capital mr. micawber has not.(fronting talent and ca

27、pital for emphasis)appreciativeneutralpejorativeworkdrudgery, toil, grindfashion, stylevoguefadpoliceman, copflatfootcivil servantgovernment officialbureaucratfamous, celebrated, renownednotoriousportly, stout, chubby, plumpfatadventurous, daringreckless, rash(2) a car stopped and out stepped the un

28、iversity. (postponing president of the uni emphasis)president of t versity again fhe or10 what is syntactic parallelism and its function? syntactic parallelism refers to the repetition of the same syntactic form . tense, aspect) and phrase/clause structure in two or more neighboring clauses or sente

29、nces. it reinforces meaning by contrast or antithesis, or helps to build up an emotional climax. for example, see how they can saw. power saw. and drill. power drill.and sand. power sand.this is an advertisement for selling power brand series of tools. when the reader finishes the reading, they will

30、 not forget the brand name power.4单元2 what is the difference in the effect between the use of latinate and that of native words? why?generally speaking, latinate words are words of science, religion and official communication; and in most cases, they help to create the effect of coolness, dignity an

31、d intellectual of anglo-saxon origin constitute english- speaking people s basic words are emotionally charged. a high percentage of anglo-saxon words is quite usual in informal style.3 what is the difference between a general word and a specific word? is it true that use of specific words should al

32、ways be recommended?a word is general when it refers to a group of objects or a class of objects or action, and specific when it refers to a member of that group or class. the relationship between a general (superordinate) and specific (subordinate) term is hyponymy. general terms are often too vagu

33、e to convey any precise meaning. the use of specific words is more informative in detail and can evoke vivid images in the reader s orhearer s mind. however, general terms are preferred, when there is no need for specification, or when the user wants to leave things vague for some (tactical) reason.

34、5 what is repetition ?what is reiteration? whyshould people employ repetition and reiteration in speech or writing?when a linguistic form is used twice or more, the result is repetition. for example,webegin our morning class at 8:00. lunch begins at 11:30 and afternoon classes begin at 2:00 again.wh

35、en the same idea is repeated in a different form, it is reiteration. for example,we begin our morning classes at 8:00, and afternoon classes start at 2:00 again.in literary texts, repetition is usually rhetorical. the intensive repetition of an expression can be a powerful thematic device. it helps

36、to direct the reader sattention to the interpretation of its significance.whatever is repeated is emphasized. reiteration is used to avoid the monotonous effect of the repetition of thesame expression.6 what is collocation? what is the use pf analyzing lexical collocation of an item in a piece of la

37、nguage?collocation refers to the concurrenceof words orconventional use of certain words together in a text. in a given text, the collocates of an item constitute its lexical context which determines the meaning of the item. this device may contribute to the theme of the text. the analysis of colloc

38、ation can help us grasp the main idea of the text.7 the following are groups of specific words. name a general- word whose meaning is included in the meaning1 of thespecific words.1) stride, strut, march, amble, strode, saunter2) drag, haul, heave, wrench, tow3) whisper, chatter, babble, mumble, mut

39、ter4) bottle, vase, jug, cup, pot, barrel,bucket,(walk) (pull) (talk)box(container)5) car, jeep, van, tanker, minibus, cart, bicycle (vehicle)8 the words in each of the following groups have roughly a similar conceptual meaning. discuss the difference in their associate meanings.9 compare the a b ex

40、tracts in terms1) the percentage of anglo-saxon words;2) the percentage of latinate words of three syllablesandmore.in a of the 48 words, only six come from otherlanguages,fourof which are from french, but in b of the 39 words, 18 words are from latin and another one from greek. since latinate words

41、 makeup a high percentage in b, it is muchmore difficult to understand.10 comment on the adjective used in the following advertisement.(manhattan shirts, slacks and accessories)to persuade the would-be customers to buy the product, the author uses a series of appreciative adjectives: confident, corr

42、ect, successful, strong, savvy, fashionable,happy,robust, virile, and wise, plus famous to show what good things manhattan brand products would bring to the buyer.5单元1 what is dialect?a dialect is a variety habitually adopted by people in a certain region (regional dialect) or by people of a certain

43、 social group (social dialect). dialects differ from one another in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.one regional dialect speaker may be able to speak more than one social dialect when needed.2 what is the difference between dialect and accent?accent is the special phonological features shown b

44、y one who speaks a dialect. it is regional in nature. a dialect can be spoken with different accents, standard and non-standard. a person may shift from one dialect to another while speaking but s/he is unable to cover his or her accent. for example, a londoner speaks british english with a london a

45、ccent, but a person born and brought up in manchester may speak british english with a manchester accent.3 what is standard english? is there a standard accent with which people speak standard english?standard english refers to the particular socially-favoured variety which is based on the speech an

46、d writing of educated users of the language. with a widely accepted, codified grammar and vocabulary, se is primarily used for public communication: used in books and newspapers, official documents and news broadcasts; in schools, taught to non-native learners of english.yes. in each regional variet

47、y, one accent is most widely accepted such as rp (received pronunciation) in british english. since this accent is related to bbcbroadcaster, the royal family and educated speech, it is considered to be the standard accent in britain.6单元，1 1 ) what does channel limitation mean?howdoes channel limita

48、tion affect language use?channel limitation means that the transmission of a message is limited to one channel onlyvisual or auditory. speech,in most cases, has no channel limitation. talkingface-to-face, both the speaker and hearer can see and hearsince an easily accessible text is supposed to have

49、 aeach other.apart from the language, gestures, facialexpressions,shared knowledge,and situation all contributeto the communication. therefore, the language is ofteninexplicit.writing,on the otherhand, has channellimitation. then the language should be explicit. for example, the teachersta ndingther

50、eis hermother” ,which isunderstandable if the two speakers are together in the same context. but in written language such should be forbidden.we should make it explicit like the teacher standing under the tree in front of the classroom building is wang qian smother.2 ) in what ways does spontaneousl

51、y spoken language differ from prepared written form?in spontaneous speech one has little time for planning or revising one s utterance. while speaking, one has to monitor what has been said and its response by the hearer, and simultaneously to plan the next utterance. if one s planning falls behind

52、the delivery, the speech is characteristically broken up by the following features of normal non-fluency: filled/ unfilled pauses, unintended repetitions, and false starts. for example,he was - as it were - you know him do you - how shalli say er - withdrawn - er shut-in as though as though he had a

53、 kind of - mm goldfish bowl round his head - not very easy 7 单元1what is role relationship? give some examples.by role relationship we mean the relationship between theroles adopted by addresser and addressee in a given situation. role relationships range from temporary to permanent:casual acquaintan

54、ces on a train,customer salesman, colleagues in an office, management employees, teacher pupil, parent child.2 by what scales do we classify language features typical of various attitudes?language features indicating the attitude classified along four scales: formality, impersonality and accessibili

55、ty factors affect the degrees of formality?are usuallypoliteness,by the role of situation,the degrees of formality are determined relationships, number of hearers, and contexts such as a public lecture, playground at playtime, church service, cocktail party, and so on.4 how does language vary in ter

56、ms of politeness?language varies according to the degree of intimacy between the address and addressee; the degree of social distance separating the addresser and addressee. language becomes more and more polite when the addressee is more senior in status and les intimate in relation.5 what are the

57、basic patterns of the use of address forms?the basic address patterns include: title (professor, doctor, reverend), title + last name(professor zhang, mr smith, miss thatcher), first name + last name(michael hall, john smith), last name (smith, thatcher), first name (michael, john), shortened first

58、name (mike=michael, elizabeth=liza/liz), nickname (piggy, bully) and terms of endearment (darling, dear, honey, sweet).6 what is linguistic impersonality?language becomes impersonal when it avoids direct reference to the addresser and addressee. that is the writing avoids the use of personal pronouns such as i, we, you, etc7 . how do we measure the degrees of accessibility?we can measure the degrees of accessibility by the following formula:fog i