剑桥新书“材料与环境”.

1、Materials and the Environment: Eco-Informed Material ChoiceOUTLINE of Michael F. ASHBYs BOOKAs concern for the environment grows, there is a corresponding trend to incorporate sustainability into engineering education. Materials and the Environment, by renowned materials authority Mike Ashby, addres

2、ses this growing concern with this full-length text devoted exclusively to the environmental aspects of materials. With in-depth coverage of such topics as resource consumption and its drivers, the material lifecycle, eco-informed material selection, legislative issues, and renewable materials and s

3、ustainability, this book will appeal not only to instructors and students of materials science and selection courses, but to professional materials engineers and product designers who now, more than ever before, need to consider the environmental implications of materials in their designs.材料与环境：材料的节

4、能优选随着人类自然生活环境的演变，在工程学领域里材料使用的设计和选材越来越需要考虑到可持续性发展这一重要因素。材料与环境一书是国际著名材料与工程权威、剑桥大学阿诗彼（Michael F. ASHBY）教授新近撰写的教科书。从原材料的消费及其派生、材料的使用周期、材料的节能优选，到环保标准、材料的回收利用率和可持续性发展等，其内容涉及面广而深，它不仅适用于材料与工程学科的前沿教学，还可作为工程技术人员、乃至产品决策机构的参考书。我们应清醒地认识到环保因素在材料的使用和设计中正起着越来越重要的作用。如同Ashby的其他剑桥教科书一样，这本新作当属世界上最权威的论及材料与环境的专著，相信此书很快也会

5、被列为材料与工程领域的经典杰作。 作者简介：Michael F. ASHBY，英国皇家学会资深院士，1961年获剑桥大学冶金学博士学位，1965年即成为剑桥大学工程系终身教授、博导。1966-1973年间兼聘为美国哈佛大学应用物理系教授。他还在英国皇家艺术学院兼任过设计专业教授。ASHBY的学术专长极为广泛，尤其在材料的塑性、断裂及磨损的机理研究，材料加工成型的计算和模拟以及材料的节能优选和设计等领域均属科学工程鼻祖。ASHBY在其50余年的科教生涯中荣获了国际材料与工程学界的所有大奖，近年来还致力于材料电化教学的普及与推广，创办了剑桥Granta 教育软件公司，并在英、美每年举办一次国际材料

6、教育研讨会，实为国际顶级材料科学家、教育家。 译者简介：张葵，1977年考入北京科技大学（原北京钢铁学院）材料系，1988年获巴黎皮埃尔和玛丽居里大学冶金学博士学位，1999年成为法国汉斯大学物理系终身教授、博导。张葵的学术专长为透射电子显微学和低维材料研制，尤其擅长于金属、半导体和铁氧体等功能性纳米材料的制备和结构分析，并与多位国际材料大师有着长期的合作关系。张葵2002年荣获中国自然科学基金委员会“海外杰出青年”基金，2005年荣获中国科学院“海外杰出青年”基金和“国际知名学者”等称号，2011年10月被聘为上海交大客座教授。材料与环境：材料的节能优选（第二版）剑桥大学工程系Michael

7、 F. ASHBY著Table of Contents目录Preface序言1. Introduction: material dependence一、导论：人类社会对材料的依赖2. Resource consumption and its drivers二、自然资源的消耗及其驱动魔力3. The material life-cycle三、材料的使用年限4. End of first life: a problem or a resource?四、废材料：是个棘手的问题还是再生资源？5. The long reach of legislation五、材料的使用和废料处理 ：一个漫长的立法过程6

8、. Eco-data: values, sources, precision六、环保库：数据，资源和注释7. Eco-audits and eco-audit tools七、材料设计使用时的环保因素审计和审计方式8. Case studies: eco-audits八、环保因素审计案例9. Material selection strategies九、材料优选的筹略10. Eco-informed material selection十、材料的节能优选11. Sustainability: living within our means十一、可持续发展：量入为出 12. Materials f

9、or low-carbon power十二、低碳材料13. Material efficiency十三、材料的效率14. The bigger picture: future options十四、长远规划：未来的选择15. Material profiles a) Metals and alloysb) Polymers and elastomersc) Ceramics and glassesd) Hybridse) Man-made and natural fibers十五、材料种类a) 金属与合金b) 高分子和弹性体c) 陶瓷与玻璃d) 杂化材料e) 人造纤维与天然纤维Appendix,

10、 units and conversion tables附录，使用单位和换算表PrefaceThe environment is a system. Human society, too, is a system. The systems co-exist and interact, weakly in some ways, strongly in others. When two already complex systems interact, the consequences can be hard to predict. One consequence has been the dam

11、aging impacts of industrial society on the environment and the eco-system in which we live and on which we depend. Some of these impacts have been evident for more than a century, prompting remedial action that, in many cases, has been successful. Others are emerging only now, and among them, one of

12、 the most unexpected is influence on global climate that, if allowed to continue, could become very damaging. These and many other eco-concerns derive from the changing ways in which we use energy and materials. If we are to manage both responsibly we must first understand the origins, the scale, th

13、e consequences of the ways we use them now. And that needs facts.序言环境是一个系统（system），人类社会也是一个系统，这两个系统共存并互动。其交互作用有时强、有时弱，但如此复杂的两个系统互动的后果是很难预测的。其中一个众所周知的后果即工业化的人类社会对其赖以生存的环境和生态平衡所造成的破坏性影响。因此，一个多世纪以来，人类社会在不断工业化的同时，想尽补救办法以减少这些显而易见的负面影响。在许多情况下，这些补救办法获得了成功。然而，总有新的破坏性后果出现，其中一个最令人意想不到的便是工业化的迅速发展已对整个地球的气候变化（gl

14、obal climate change）产生了巨大的影响。如果继续下去，这一破坏性的后果所造成的损害将是非常可怕的。而这些互动的后果以及其他许多生态问题均与我们使用能源（energy）和材料（materials）的方式有关。如果我们要承担起负责管理这两个因素的互动后果，我们则必须事先了解使用能源和材料的起因（origins）、规模（scale）和效果（consequences），而这一切均需要用事实（facts）来说话。The book. This text is a response. It aims to cut through some of the oversimplification

15、 and misinformation that is all too obvious in much discussion about the environment. It explains the ways in which we depend on and use materials and the consequences these have. It introduces methods for thinking about and designing with materials when one of the objectives is to minimize environm

16、ental impact, one that is often in conflict with others, particularly that of minimizing cost. It does not aim to provide ultimate solutions that is a task for future scientists, engineers, designers and politicians. Rather it is an attempt to provide perspective, background, methods and data a tool

17、-box so to speak to introduce one of the central issues of environmental concerns, that surrounding the use of materials. It provides tools and data that equip you to form your own judgements.关于本书。这本教科书旨在对能源和材料使用的起因、规模以及对自然环境所产生的效果给出一个严肃的答案，并对在关于这方面的许多讨论研究中所存在的“问题过分简单化（oversimplification）”和“信息误传（mis

18、information）”等现象给与纠正。本书首先解释我们为何赖以材料而生存和使用材料的后果，然后引入思考与设计新材料的种种方法，这些方法尤其适用于在设计某种新材料时需要考虑的主要因素之一是如何最大限度地减少对环境的负面影响（environmental impact），而这一因素往往与设计新材料时需要考虑的另一主要因素，即最大限度地降低成本（cost），发生冲突。本书的目的不是要提供最终的解决方案 这是未来科学家、工程师、设计师、乃至政治家们应该考虑的问题。我们仅试图提供研究背景（background）、研究方法（methods）、前景展望（perspective）以及众多必要的数据（data

19、）。换句话说，我们仅试图为在能源和材料使用领域的研究者和决策者们提供一个“环保工具箱（tool-box）”。每位读者可根据自身对能源和材料的需要以及自身环境的特性，借用该书所提供的研究方法、工具和数据，而形成自身的判断、建立自身的“环保工具箱”。The text is written primarily for students of Engineering and Materials Science in any one of the four years of a typical undergraduate program. It is in two parts. The first Ch

20、apters 1 to 14 develops the background and tools required for the materials scientist or engineer to analyse and respond to environmental imperatives. The second Chapter 12 is a collection of profiles of materials presenting the data needed for analysis. The two together allow case-studies to be dev

21、eloped and provide resources on which students can draw to tackle the exercises at the end of each chapter (for which a solution manual is available) and to explore material-related eco-issues of their own finding. 材料与环境一书最初是作为“工程与材料学院”的大学教材而编写的。它分为两部分：第一部分（第1至14章）主要是向未来的材料科学家或工程师们介绍应对环境所需的材料之背景和研究工

22、具。第二部分（第12章）主要提供分析材料所需的一些具体数据。这两部分的联合使用有利于对具体材料实例（case-studies）进行分析，以帮助学生随后自行解答在每章末尾所列出的习题（习题答案另外出版），还可以借此进一步探讨学生自行发现的与环保相关的材料问题。To understand where we now are, it helps to look back over how we got here. Chapter 1 gives a history of our increasing dependence on materials and energy. Most materials

23、are drawn from non-renewable resources inherited from the formation of the planet or from geological and biological eras in its history. Like any inheritance, we have a responsibility to pass them on to further generations in a state that enables them to meet their aspirations as we now do ours. The

24、 volume of these resources is enormous, but so too is the rate at which we are using them. A proper perspective here needs both explanation and modeling. That is what Chapter 2 does. 温故而知新。本书第1章将回顾历史，节绍我们日益依赖能源和原材料的演变过程。大部分天然材料的形成都是来自不可再生的资源（non-renewable resources），如来自行星或在地质和生物时代所形成的材料。如同所有人类遗产，我们有

25、责任保护这些天然材料，并完好地将它们传给下一代，使我们的子孙后代能够像我们一样，从这些人类遗产中得到第一手的启发、满足他们自己的意愿。尽管天然材料的资源数量是巨大的，但人类消耗使用它们的速率也同样是高的惊人。因此，正确的规划未来需要建模和阐述原因。这将是第2章的内容。Products, like plants and animals, have a lifecycle, one with a number of phases starting with the extraction and synthesis of raw materials (“birth”), continuing wit

26、h their manufacture into products, which are then transported, used (“maturity”), and at the end of life, sent to landfill or to a recycling facility (“death”). Almost always, one phase of life consumes more resources and generates more emissions than all the others put together. The first job is to

27、 identify which one. Lifecycle assessment (LCA) seeks to do this, but there are problems: as currently practiced, lifecycle assessment is expensive, slow, and delivers outputs that are unhelpful for engineering design. One way to overcome them is to focus on the main culprits: one resource energy an

28、d one emission carbon dioxide, CO2. Materials have an embodied energy (the energy it takes to create them) and a carbon footprint (the CO2 that creating them releases). So, too, do the other phases of life and materials play a central role in these also. Heating and cooling and transportation, for i

29、nstance, are among the most energy-gobbling and carbon-belching activities of an industrial society; the right choice of materials can minimize their appetite for both. This line of thinking is developed in Chapters 3 and 4, from which a strategy emerges that forms the structure of the rest of the b

30、ook材料产品，如同植物和动物，也有其生命周期, 它也分为几个阶段：首先是原材料的萃取和提炼（“出生”阶段），然后是产品的制造和加工并运输到使用部门（“成熟”阶段），最后是废材料的回收或作为垃圾被填埋（“死亡”阶段）。一个公认的事实是: 生命周期中总有某一个阶段的资源消耗和废物(气)排放比所有其他阶段总和的这两项指标数目还大。关键是要找出这种现象在哪个阶段里发生。生命周期评估（LCA- Lifecycle Assessment）方法为此而产生, 但LCA有很大的缺点：首先是使用价格昂贵且速度慢，其次是这种评估方法给出的结果对工程设计人员帮助甚微。另一种评估方式是把评估重点集中放在主要的“罪魁祸

31、首”（culprits）身上：把“能源”作为主要“资源”，把“二氧化碳”作为主要“废气排放”的起因。就材料本身而言，制造材料需要消耗能量，与此同时不可避免地释放二氧化碳废气。当然，材料产品生命周期中的其他阶段也与“能源”和“二氧化碳”紧密相连。举例来说，在一个工业化程度很高的社会中，任何与“加热”、“冷却”及“运输”相关的产业都是最吞噬能源和释放二氧化碳废气的。正确地选择使用材料，可以最大限度地减少这两个“罪魁祸首”的胃口。这是我们在第3和4章要讨论的问题。本着这一思路制定有关战略决策，将是该书其余章节的主要内容。Governments respond to environmental con

32、cerns in a number of ways applied through a combination of sticks and carrots, or, as they would put it, command and control methods and methods exploiting market instruments. The result is a steadily growing volumes of legislation and regulation that, like it or not, require compliance. They are re

33、viewed in Chapter 5. 世界上的各国政府应对环境问题所采用的政策大都是“大棒加胡萝卜”（sticks and carrots 或“胡萝卜加大棒”英语成语，转译为中文有“威胁、利诱兼施”或“软硬兼施”之意。），或者用他们的官方语言来说，即“指挥和调控”（command and control）外加市场手段和方法。其结果是越来越多的立法公文出现，不管人们赞同与否，法律条文总还是要遵守的。这部分内容将在第5章中进行回顾和综述。 As engineers and scientists, our first responsibility is to use our particular

34、 skills to guide design decisions that minimize or eliminate adverse eco-impact. Properly informed materials selection is a central aspect of this, and that needs data for the material attributes that bear most directly on environmental questions. Some, like embodied energy and carbon footprint, rec

35、ycle fraction and toxicity have obvious eco-connections. But more often it is not these but mechanical, thermal and electrical properties that have the greatest role in design to minimise eco-impact. The data sheets of Part 2 provide all of these. Data can be deadly dull. It can be brought to life (

36、a little) by good visual presentations. Chapter 6 introduces the material attributes that are central for what follows and displays them in ways that give a visual overview. 作为工程师和科学家，我们的首要责任是运用我们所学到的专业技能，在新材料的设计阶段就最大限度地减少乃至消除该产品对生态环境所造成的不良影响。要做到这一点，中心环节是要对所选材料的属性有一个精确、正确和全面的了解，特别需要掌握该材料在环境问题方面的第一手数

37、据。但要注意，诸如能源的消耗、二氧化碳的排放、废料回收率和材料的毒性等自然是与生态平衡直接相关的因素，但在作工程材料设计时，更多的时候要考虑得不是这些显而易见的因素，而是如何减少新材料的机械性能，热性能和电性能对环境所产生的负面影响。本书第二部分的数据图表即为材料设计时需要考虑的种种工程和环境因素而提供。人人都知道，查看一大堆的数据表格是非常枯燥的事情，但若把它们转换成相应的图表，给人以良好的视觉感，枯燥的数据研究也许会变得有趣些。本书第6章的目的即以视觉感良好的图表介绍各类材料的属性。Now to design. Designers have much on their minds; the

38、y cant wait for (or afford) a full LCA to decide between alternative concepts and ways of implementing them. What they need is an eco-audit a fast assessment of product life phase-by-phase, and the ability to conduct rapid “what if” studies to compare alternatives. Chapter 7 introduces audit methods

39、 illustrated by case studies in Chapter 8. 接下来让我们来谈材料的“设计”（design）问题。材料设计师的头脑中一定有许多不同的设计方案，他们不可能等待（或负担不起）每个设计方案的LCA缓慢而昂贵的评估结果再来决定使用哪种方案和其具体实施的方式。材料设计师需要的是一个“生态审计”（ eco-audit） 一个对新产品的生命周期中每个阶段都能进行快速评估的工具，这一工具还应具有迅速应变的能力，即能够在某一设计方案被否定后迅速对其代用品进行评估的能力。本书第7章将介绍一些“生态审计”的方法，第8章将给相应的实例研究。The audit points to

40、 the phase of life of most concern. What can be done about it? In particular, what material-related decisions can be made to minimise its eco-impact? Material selection methods are the subject of Chapter 9. They form a central part of the strategy that emerged from Chapter 3. It is important to see

41、them in action. Chapter 10 presents case studies of progressive depth to illustrate ways of using them. The exercises suggest more.“生态审计”的目的是为了筛选出材料生命周期中最耗能和最排二氧化碳气体的关键阶段。一旦这一阶段被确定，我们随后应做些什么以把新材料对生态环境的负面影响降至最低呢？本书第9章主要是介绍材料的优选方法（这一战略主题已在第3章中提及到了），第10章则给出具体的事例分析，随后的练习题是实例分析的继续，以帮助读者从理论学习的课堂走向实际应用的场所。

42、Up to this point the book builds on established, well tried methods of analysis and response, ones that form part of, or are easily accessible to, anyone with a background in engineering science. They provide essential background for an engineering-based approach to address environmental concerns, a

43、nd they provide an essential underpinning for studies of broader issues. Among these are questions of Sustainability, the subject of Chapter 11. Central to sustainability is reliable provision of Low-carbon power, the subject of Chapter 12. Ultimately, sustainability requires that we maximise Materi

44、al efficiency, explored in Chapter 13. Finally we examine forces for change and responses to them under the heading Future options.本书截止到第10章，其内容主要是介绍已经经过实践检验而完整建立的一套分析方法和解决问题的答案，它们通俗易懂，适用于任何一个有工程科学背景、同时关注环境保护的读者。在此基础上, 我们可以拓展知识面, 并研究更广泛的材料与环保问题。比如, 可持续发展的问题（Sustainability）和可持续发展的关键问题如何提供高效低碳的能源问题将分别是第11和12章的主要内容。继而在第13章中，我们将探讨如何最大限度地提高材料效率（Material efficiency）以促使可持续性的发展。随后，我们以“未来的选择”（Future options）为标题，讨论发展未来的种种驱动力以及可能产生的后效。Chapter 15, forming the sec