跨文化交际第四章-集体主义vs个人主义

1、2021/6/71 Main Points 2) Individual-Oriented Societies 3) Collectivism-Oriented Societies 4 ) How to make the two work together 2021/6/72 2021/6/73 Individualism being different Collectivismhow much you can do for the group you are in 2021/6/74 Some countries, such as the United States, Canada, Grea

2、t Britain, and the Netherlands, place a high value on individualism. There cultures emphasize the worth and dignity of the individual over the group, independence rather than interdependence, and relatively few social obligations. 2021/6/75 Everybody is trying to be different from the others in the

3、team or clan; Personal goals are over the group goals; People place the worth and dignity of the individual over the group. 2021/6/76 Other cultures, such as Japan and China, tend to emphasize the larger group. These cultures encourage people to put the interest of the group above their own, maintai

4、n strong ties and obligations to group members, and value long-term social relationships above short-term accomplishments. 2021/6/77 1. Individual-Oriented Societies1. Individual-Oriented Societies 2021/6/78 Individuals can do whatever they want, and their “freedom” and their “rights” are necessary

5、values. 2021/6/79 They build contracts to protect their rights from others and to protect their dignity. 2021/6/710 Their high level of self-respect does not keep them from enjoying a good time and an occasional adventure, even if they might feel guilty later. 2021/6/711 When they are friendly, they

6、 are very verbal and open, but they can be very critical toward enemies. Individuals like to debate issues but will withdraw and become defensive with somebody they dont trust. 2021/6/712 When they are interested, they can be loud with lots of questions but they are likely to look away when they get

7、 bored. 2021/6/713 (1) Others behavior is explained by personal traits. (2) Ones success is attributed to his own ability. (3) Self is defined as individual entity. (4) One knows more about self than others. (5) Achievement is made for ones own sake. (6) Personal goals are over group goals. (7) Self

8、-assuredness is valued. (8) Autonomy and independence is valued. (9) dependence on others is avoided. (10) One bears casual connections to many groups. (11) Task completion is important. (12) One has few obligations to others. (13) Confrontation is acceptable. The characteristics of individuals 2021

9、/6/714 2021/6/715 Groups are major units of social perception. (2) Others behavior is explained by group norms. (3) Success attributed to help of group. (4) Self defined in terms of group. (5) One knows more about others than self. (6) Achievement is for benefit of group. (7) Ingroup goal is over pe

10、rsonal goal. (8) Modesty is valued. (9) Interdependence is valued. (10) Ostracism (排斥排斥) is feared. (11) One has strong connections to a few groups. (12) One has many obligations to others. (13) Harmony is expected. (14) Relations are important. 2021/6/716 3. Impact upon individual-oriented societie

11、s3. Impact upon individual-oriented societies Individualism, as described above, refers to the attitude of valuing ourselves as separate individuals with responsibility for our own destinies and our own actions. Proponents (支持支持 者者) of individualism believe that self-interest is an appropriate goal.

12、 Therefore, the individual- collective dimension plays out in the individual- oriented societies in following aspects. 2021/6/717 1) The ideal of the individual is deeply rooted in the social, political, and economic institutions of such societies as the United States and England. The individual is

13、the source of moral power, totally competent to assess the effects of his or her own actions, and is expected to be responsible for those actions. 2021/6/718 2) Family ties tend to be relatively unimportant. That is not to say that in the United States the family is unimportant in any absolute sense

14、, for the family remains the primary group to which most Americans have their strongest loyalties. Nevertheless, when compared with other cultures, Americans divide their time and emotional energy between family and a wider variety of social groupings, including church, school, labor union, workplac

15、e, and a host of voluntary organizations. 2021/6/719 3) The physical layout of the typical American house, designed to maximize individual space, clearly reflects the emphasis placed on individualism and personal privacy. There are doors on bathrooms and bedrooms, parents are expected to acknowledge

16、 the private space and possessions of their childrens rooms, and children are usually restricted in their use of space that is considered the domain of the parents. 2021/6/720 4) The concept of individualism is instilled from an early age in the United States by constant encouragement of children to

17、 become self-sufficient. e.g. Children are taught to make their own decisions, clarify their own values, form their own opinions, and solve their own problems. They are encouraged to search out answers for themselves, rather than relying on the teacher or adult. 2021/6/721 5) In the United States, t

18、he Bill of Rights (人权法案人权法案) protects people against infringement (侵害侵害) of their individual rights by the state, thus allowing them to express their ideas freely, practice whatever religion they choose, assemble freely, and generally control their own lives to as great a degree as possible. 2021/6/

19、722 4. Impact upon collective-oriented societies 4. Impact upon collective-oriented societies Collectivism emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and interdependence. It attempts to see a group of individuals as having a single identity similar to a person. It has purpose, and it acts

20、 to achieve goals. Therefore, the individual-collective dimension plays out in the collective-oriented societies in following aspects. 2021/6/723 1) People tend to identify or define themselves primarily as members of a group rather than as individuals. 2021/6/724 2) Property, such as land or livest

21、ock, is controlled by the larger group rather than being individually owned. 2021/6/725 Whereas Americans own property (to the extent that they have total control over it), people in collectivist societies have only limited rights and obligations to property that is ultimately controlled by the larg

22、er group. 2021/6/726 3) Basic life choices, such as who you will marry or what profession you will follow, are not made exclusively, or even primarily, by the individual. For example, marriages in some parts of the world are arranged by parents and other influential members of the two family groups

23、involved. 2021/6/727 4) Collectivist societies have a strong sense of responsibility to the group (e.g. country, family, company). In Japan, for example, if an individual does not give his or her best effort, it is seen as letting down the entire group. In other words, both success and failure are team affairs in Japan. 2021/6/728 5) There is considerably less privacy. Children, even in those homes with ample roo