语言学合作原则

1、The Cooperative Principle by by 周志红周志红 Introduction 19671967年，哲学家年，哲学家Herbert Paul GriceHerbert Paul Grice就话语交际的就话语交际的 普遍规律发表了自己的独特见解，首次提出用普遍规律发表了自己的独特见解，首次提出用 于解释人类话语交际规律的合作原则。于解释人类话语交际规律的合作原则。 在在GriceGrice（19751975）可能来，交谈之所以不是一连）可能来，交谈之所以不是一连 串不连贯的话语，是因为交际双方都必须遵守串不连贯的话语，是因为交际双方都必须遵守 一些基本原则，这保证了交际活

2、动能够顺利进一些基本原则，这保证了交际活动能够顺利进 行。他把这种交际者共同遵守的原则称为行。他把这种交际者共同遵守的原则称为“合合 作原则作原则”（Cooperative PrincipleCooperative Principle）. Grice(1975)Grice(1975)将合作原则定义如下：合作原则将合作原则定义如下：合作原则 要求每一个交谈参与者在整个交谈中所说要求每一个交谈参与者在整个交谈中所说 的话符合当时交谈的目标和方向的话符合当时交谈的目标和方向。 The co-operative principle:The co-operative principle: Make yo

3、ur conversational contribution such as is Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in w

4、hich you are engagedwhich you are engaged 说话者和听话者很有默契地合作着，说话者和听话者很有默契地合作着， 一次交谈、甚至是一场吵架，都是一次交谈、甚至是一场吵架，都是 语言合作的结果语言合作的结果。 Contents of CP Quantity Maxim Quality Maxim Relation Maxim Manner Maxim The Cooperative Principle (合作原则) Try to make your contribution oneTry to make your contribution one that i

5、s true:that is true: 1)Do not say what you believe to be false. 1)Do not say what you believe to be false. 2)Do not say that for which you lack 2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. adequate evidence. QualityQuality 质质 说真话说真话 The Cooperative Principle (合作原则) 1)Make your contributio

6、n as informative )Make your contribution as informative as required. as required. 2)Do not make your contribution more 2)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required informative than is required. QuantityQuantity 量量 不多说，不多说， 也不少说。也不少说。 The Cooperative Principle (合作原则) Be relevantB

7、e relevant. RelationRelation 相关相关 说话要相说话要相 关，贴切关，贴切。 The Cooperative Principle (合作原则) Be perspicuous, and specifically:Be perspicuous, and specifically: 1) avoid obscurity of expression. 1) avoid obscurity of expression. 避免晦涩避免晦涩 2) avoid ambiguity. 2) avoid ambiguity.避免歧义避免歧义 3) be brief(avoid unne

8、cessary prolixity). 3) be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity). 简单明了简单明了 4) be orderly. 4) be orderly.井井有条井井有条 MannerManner 方式方式 The The G Griceanricean co-operative principle and its attendant co-operative principle and its attendant maxims can be simplified in: maxims can be simplified in: a. The co

9、-operative principlea. The co-operative principle Be cooperative. Be cooperative. b. The maxims of conversation b. The maxims of conversation Quality: Be truthful. Quality: Be truthful. i i)Dont say what is false.)Dont say what is false. ii)Dont say what lacks evidence. ii)Dont say what lacks eviden

10、ce. Quantity: Quantity: i i)Dont say less than is required.)Dont say less than is required. ii) Dont say more than is ii) Dont say more than is requiedrequied. . Relation: Be relevant. Relation: Be relevant. Manner: Be perspicuous. Manner: Be perspicuous. i i) Avoid obscurity.) Avoid obscurity. ii)

11、Avoid ambiguity. ii) Avoid ambiguity. iii) Be brief. iii) Be brief. iv) Be orderly. iv) Be orderly. In shortIn short Subconsciously or even unconsciously, when we Subconsciously or even unconsciously, when we speak, we generally have something like CP in our speak, we generally have something like C

12、P in our mind. We will try to say something which are true, mind. We will try to say something which are true, relevant, as well as informative enough, and in a relevant, as well as informative enough, and in a clear manner.clear manner. That is: Human being try to speak sincerely, That is: Human be

13、ing try to speak sincerely, relevantly, and clearly, while provide sufficient relevantly, and clearly, while provide sufficient information. information. ButBut The view may describe a philosophers paradise, The view may describe a philosophers paradise, but no one actually speak like that the whole

14、 time.but no one actually speak like that the whole time. 但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。 甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。恰恰甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。恰恰 因为有了这些违反，受话人才能根据具体因为有了这些违反，受话人才能根据具体 的语境推断出其中的所蕴含的会话涵义的语境推断出其中的所蕴含的会话涵义。 Grice 将会话含义的产生流程描述如下： 当发话人说谎时，他/她违反了合作原则的质 准则，而受话人理解的前提是发话人并没有背 离合作原则。这表明说谎的一方违反了合作原 则的质准则，而当真的

15、一方却遵守着合作原则， 并且以为对方也一直在遵守合作原则。然而， 发话人不遵守合作原则的某一准则，并不都是 为了说谎，有时可能出于礼貌或特定语境的需 要，说了一些违反合作原则某一准则的话。当 受话人察觉到发话人的话语没有遵守合作原则 的相应准则时，他就要迫使自己透过对方话语 的表面意义，去领会发话人话语中的深层含义， 于是就产生会话含义（conversational implicature） Violation of CP Violation of Quality 说话人只要说出了自己所掌握的真实情况， 就是没有违反质准则。会话中的某些手段， 如反语，隐喻，夸张等修辞手段都可以看 作是对质准则

16、的违背，因而也产生言外之 意。 I think he was married and had a lioness at home. 皇上万岁万岁万万岁。 Violation of Quality 1) 故意不说真实的话 A: How are you? B: I m dead. 2）说没有根据的话 A:Beirut is in Peru, isnt it? B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose. Violation of CP Violation of Quantity 1) 提供的信息过少 A：Would you mind telling me your a

17、ddress? B: Somewhere in the city. 2) 提供的信息过多 A：When did you come back last night? B: Around midnight. The meeting was too long. Violation of CP Violation of Relation A: You know? Professor Lis wife looks ugly. B: Oh. What a nice day! Isnt it? A: People say that he is a good guy. B：He looks handsome.

18、 Violation of CP Violation of Manner 1) 有意使用晦涩，含糊词语 A: Lets get the kids something. B:O.K. But I veto I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S. 2）使用歧义词 With so many carrots, Ill be a real gem. 有这么多克拉（胡萝卜），我是颗真钻石 （发糕）。 3）重复，啰嗦 If its green, we reject it. If its too ripe, we reject it. If its bruised, we reject it. If its diseased, we reject it. If its a dirty, we reject it. If its just right, we sq