OnPolitenessinClassroomConversationalCommunication-2019年文档

1、On Politeness in Classroom Conversational Communication： To make effective communication，PolitenessPrinciple has become an important part in the research of pragmatics.So politeness can first of all be considered as a phenomenon， an observable social phenomenon.According to the Cooperative Principle

2、 put forward by Grice ，the users of language in communication usually have the desire to cooperate with each other and observe the four maxims of good communicative behavior ：Quality Maxim，Quantity Maxim， Relation Maxim ，and Manner Maxim.However ， people often violate these maxims intentionally ，exp

3、ressing themselves in an indirect way to convey the intended meaning.It is mainly for politeness that speakers tend to talk indirectly.Therefore，I intend to explore how to adoptproper politeness strategies and use English polite language appropriately to make communication successful，especially in c

4、lassroom daily communication.I Politeness PrincipleAs Brown and Levinson notes tha t “politeness is not only the main reason of infringing Cooperative Principle， but also can be conveyed exactly by these infringing actions. ”( George Yule ， 2003)Polite words and expressions can shorten the communica

5、tive distance ， ease the tension and clear up the conflict.The maxims of the Politeness Principle are generalization and summation of the polite language mechanism.Only by obeying the Politeness Principle can one properly keep and maintain a communicative distance and effectively fulfill the communi

6、cative behavior.It has been suggested that politeness is another level to conversational interaction besides the rules of Cooperative Principle.The Politeness Principle consists of the following maxims：( Leech，1983)i.Tact Maxim ( in impositives and commissives ) a)Minimize cost to other ( b)Maximize

7、 benefit to other e.g.Could you close the door？Can I help you ？ii.Generosity Maxim ( in impositives and commissives ) a)Minimize benefit to self ( b)Maximize cost to self e.g.Do have another award please.Sit down.iii.Approbation Maxim (in expressives and assertives )a) Minimize dispraise of other (b

8、) Maximize praise of othere.g.A ：You are very smart ！B： Thank you ！iv.Modesty Maxim (in expressives and assertives)a)Minimize praise of self (b) Maximize dispraise of selfe.g.A ：What a bright boy you are ！ You always get full marks.B： Thank you.I have very good teachers.v.Agreement Maxim ( in assert

9、ives )a) Minimize disagreement between self and otherb) Maximize agreement between self and othere.g.A ：I thought the lecture was good tonight.B：Yes， quite good ！vi.Sympathy Maxim ( in assertives )a) Minimize antipathy between self and otherb) Maximize sympathy between self and othere.g.A ：I lost my

10、 important reference book last week andI still cant get over it.B： Im sorry to hear that.According to Leech ， the point of politeness is tominimize the effects of impolite statements and to maximize the politeness of polite illocutions.Here are some examples ：Teacher ： Someone must have broken the w

11、indow.Student ： It wasnt me.This teachers hinting a possible misbehavior committed by the student is considered to be more polite than a direct accusation.If the teacher said something like “You must have broken the window ”to the student ， the student would have been insulted，especially if theaccus

12、ation in fact was incorrect.Though the teacher violates the maxim of quantity under the Cooperative Principle ，she /he obeys the principle of politeness.Similarly ， in the following example：John：Well miss my classmates Mary and Jean ，wont we？ Peter ：Well ， we all miss Jean.Here，cooperation takes a b

13、ack seat to politeness.Peter doesnt offer any comment on Johns utterance ，knowingly and willfully.He sins against the maxim of quantity， buthe does so for reasons of politeness.There are many general characters on politeness about each politeness norm.The ideological core is trying toreduce others c

14、ost and to exaggerate others benefit. The characters of Politeness Principlei. The rank of Politeness PrincipleLanguages can be divided into politeness andimpoliteness in verbal communication.Further more ， there are different polite ranks within polite language.Such ranks can be reflected in the wa

15、y of speech act and content of utterances.1)Polite ranks in the way of speech act.This point is very obvious in English.For example ：Lend me your pen.I want you to lend me your pen.Will you lend me your pen ？Can you lend me your pen ？Would you lend me your pen ？Could you lend me your pen ？The exampl

16、es above are about lending the pen，but polite ranks are different.The first two sentences are impolite ， while the other four sentences are polite.And the degree of politeness is becoming strong gradually.2) Politeranks in the content of utterance.The Politeness Principle aims at maximizing benefit

17、to other.So the more benefitothers get ，the higher the degree of politeness is.The following sentences are all imperative sentences，butdifferent speech content result in different polite degree.Close the window.Hand me the English newspaper.Sit down.Give me five.Both persons in sentences and suffer

18、loss.But the loss first person suffers is greater than the second person suffers.While both persons in sentences and arebeneficial ，but the latter gets more than the former.ii.The conflict of Politeness PrincipleThe conflict of Politeness Principle refers to the conflict among the sub-maxims.1)Tact

19、and Generosity e.g.Let me help you move the desk.These two maxims will conflict unless the speaker really wants to do so.2)Modesty and Agreemente.g.A ：Your handwriting is very beautiful. B：No，no，you overpraise me ！If Bs handwriting is beautiful indeed ，in order to obey the Modesty Maxim ，B must viol

20、ate Agreement Maxim.Conversely ，if B wants to obey Agreement Maxim，B has to say ，“ Yes，my handwriting is not bad.”Meanwhile， heviolates the Modesty Maxim.3)Agreement and Agreemente.g.A ：English is difficult to learn.B： Yes， but the grammar is easy.B says ，“yes”， which obeys the Agreement Maxim；but h

21、e says ，“the grammar is easy ”， which violates the Agreement Maxim.iii.The appropriateness of Politeness PrincipleIt means that we should choose polite ranks according to the concrete context.From the angle of speech forms ， it doesnt imply that the polite form and speech are not direct proportion.Concretely speaking ：a.Choosing the proper manner of politeness acco