通信英语复习

1、Unit 1抽样量化与编码sampling, quantizing and coding 话路 speech channel幅值 amplitude value 抽样频率 sampling frequency抽样速率 sampling rate 脉冲流stream of pulses重复率 repetition rate 编码过程coding process模拟信号 analog signal 传输质量transmission quality数字通信 digital communication 数字传输digital transmission含噪声的环境 noisy environment 传

2、输路由transmission path信噪比 signal-to-noise ratio 信号电平signal levels地面系统 terrestrial system 噪声功率noise power二进制传输 binary transmission 反向操作reverse operation8位码序列 8-digit sequence 接收端receiving terminal帧格式 frame format 同步字synchronization word1. the schemes for performing these three functions 实现这三项功能的方案2. a

3、series of amplitude values 一串幅值3. a speech channel of telephone quality 电话质量的话路4. a sequence of 8-binary digits 一个8位二进制码的序列5. a minimum theoretical sampling frequency 理论上的最小抽样频率6. a voice channel occupying the range 300 Hz to 3.4kHz 占据着300Hz到3.4kHz频率范围的话路7. 8-digits per sample value 每个样值8位码8. the sp

4、arking of a car ignition system 汽车点火系统的打火9. the stream of the pulses with a repetition rate of 64kHz 重复率为64kHz的脉冲流10. the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal 真实信号与噪声信号的关系11. the signal received from a satellite 由卫星上收到的信号12. the complete information about a particular message 一条特定消息中的

5、全部信息13. the shape of the transmitted signal 被传信号的波形14. the attenuation introduced by transmission path 由传输路由引入的衰减15. the unit that converts sampled amplitude value to a set of pulse将抽样的幅值转换成一串脉冲的单元16. a sequence relating to channel 1,2 and so on 涉及到第一路、第二路及其他各路的序列17. a unique sequence of pulses call

6、ed synchronization word 被称为同步字的独特的码序列18. terrestrial system 地面系统19. the presence or a absence of the pulse 脉冲的“有”和“无”20. a high-speed electronic switch 高速的电子开关21. the time division multiplexer 时分多路复用器22. Time Division Multiplexing 时分多路复用Unit 2串行接口 serial interface 显示终端 CRT terminal发送器与接收器 transmitte

7、r and receiver 数据传输 data transmission数据流 data stream 闲置状态 the idle state传号电平 mark level 空号电平 space level起始位 start bit 停止位 stop bitT秒的持续时间 duration of T seconds 奇偶校验位parity bit错误标志 error flag 传输错误 transmission error下降沿 falling edge 符号间的空格 intersymbol space接收机的定时 receiver timing 本地时钟 local clock磁带 mag

8、netic tape 控制比特 control bit 逻辑1电平 logical 1 level 二进制数据 binary data明显的缺点 obvious disadvantage1. asynchronous serial data transmission 异步串行数据传输2. the most popular serial interface 最为流行的串行接口3. the transmitted data 所传送的数据4. the clocks at the transmitter and receiver 发送器和接收器的时钟5. the era of teleprinter

9、电传机的时代6. the dots and dashes of a character一个字符的点和划7. three times the duration of intersymbol space 符号间空格持续时间的三倍8. the group of bits called characters被称为字符的比特组9. the invariable units comprising 7 or 8 bits of information由7或8个比特的信息组成的固定单元10. a clock generated locally by the receiver由接收机本地产生的时钟11. the

10、 received parity bit following the character在字符后所收到的奇偶检验位12. the falling edge of the start bit 起始位的下降沿13. the character-oriented nature of the data link数据链路面向字符的特性unit4网络资源 network resource 信息服务 information services远程终端 remote terminals 地址 address互联的系统interconnected systems 命令command电子邮件electronic m

11、ail 主机host无线信道wireless channels 搜索工具searching tools用户界面user interface 拷贝copy互联网internet 存取access文本信息textual messages 鼠标mouse协议protocol 超文本协议hypertext protocol1. giant network of computers located all over the world 分布在全世界的计算机的巨大网络2. backbone system主干系统3. nationwide network全国范围的网络4. electronic confer

12、ences电子会议5. remote terminal远程终端6. live conversation实时的对话7. world wide web万维网8. searching tool搜寻工具9. the largest repository of information最大的信息库10. network facilities resource 网络设备资源11. the vast majority of the computers on the net在网上的绝大多数计算机 12. the Unix operating system UNIX操作系统13. textual message文

13、本信息14. a way to move data between the internet and you PC在因特网和你的PC机之间传送数据的方法15. the convenient searching tools方面的搜索工具16. the networked hypertext protocol联网的超文本协议unit6同步数字系统：synchronous digital hierarchy 国际标准：international standard信号格式：signal format 网络节点接口：network node interface支路信号：tributary signals

14、 数字交叉连接：digital cross-connection网络管理：network management 网络维护：network maintenance网络运营者：network operators 传输速率：transmission rate支路映射：tributary mapping 灵活性：flexibility用户业务：subscriber services 覆盖层：overlay levels制造商：manufacturer 同步传输帧：synchronous transmission frame线路终端复用器：line terminal multiplexer 分插复用器：

15、add-drop multiplexer再生中继器：regenerator 灵敏度：sensitivity虚容器：virtual container 成帧字节：framing bytes段开销：section overhead 端到端传输：end-to-end transmission误码监视：error monitoring 信号处理节点：signal processing nodes净负荷：payload 指针：pointer1. synchronous transmission system 同步传输系统2. the standard covering the NNI覆盖NNI的标准3.

16、 the international standard interface国际标准接口4. direct synchronous multiplexing直接同步复用5. flexible telecommunication networking灵活的通信联网6. point-to-point transmission technology点对点的传输技术7. advanced network management 先进的网络管理8. the equipment supplied by different manufacturers不同厂家提供的设备9. the flexibility pro

17、vided by SDH SDH提供的灵活性10. operator of synchronous multiplexers同步复用设备的运营者11. telecommunication networking电信联网12. tributary signals支路信号13. maintenance capabilities维护能力14. unified telecommunication network infrastructure统一的电信网络基础结构15. building blocks组件16. terminal multiplexer终端利用器17. through-mode fashi

18、on贯通方式18. synchronous DXC同步数字交叉连接19. varying bandwidth可变带宽20. individual tributary signals各个支路信号21. transport system传输系统22. optical carrier光纤载体23. 2-dimensional map二维图形24. the order of transmission传送次序25. framing byte成帧字节26. virtual container虚拟容器27. section overhead段开销28. bit-error monitoring误码检测uni

19、t7对光特性的理解： the understanding of the property of light基本重要性： the fundamental importance想象今天的通信系统：to imagine the communication system of today光的高速公路： the highways of light巨量的信息：the massive amount of information采用通信新技术：to adopt new communication technologies大量的视频信息：the large amounts of video informatio

20、n波分复用：the wave divide multiplexing只发送单个波长：to send only one wavelength传输大量的波长：to transmit a large amount of wavelength无差错传输：the error-free transmission自愈特性：the self-healing properties直接接入光网络：to access directly to the optical network视频信息：the video information1. the major advance that led to the WDM re

21、volution 导致WDM革命的主要进展2. the invention of the optical amplifier 光放大器的发明3. the next span of fiber下一段光纤4. to boost the signal power of all wavelength提高所有波长信号的功率5. the advances in optical amplifier在光放大器方面的进展6. the development of gain equalization techniques增益均衡技术的发展7. the multiple-wavelength transmissio

22、n多波长传输8. the growth of wireless system无线系统的增长9. the growth of various application各种应用的增长10. the wide variety of services各种各样的业务11. to handle various types of traffic处理各种业务类型12. the all-optical cross-connect全光纤交叉连接Unit 8蜂窝式移动电话：cellular mobile telephone 服务性能：service performance频谱：frequency spectrum 频

23、带：frequency band微处理器：microprocessor 移动手机：mobile unit广播业务：broadcast service 天线：antenna子系统：subsystems 移动用户：mobile subscriber服务能力：service capability 利用率：utilization带宽：bandwidth 单边带：single-sideband扩频：spread spectrum 大规模集成电路：large scale integrated circuits蜂窝点：cellular site 蜂窝交换机：cellular switch无线机架：radio

24、 cabinet 呼叫处理：call processing服务区 service area1. frequency spectrum utilization 频谱利用率2. the limited assigned frequency band 有限的指定频带3. complicated features and functions复杂的特性和功能4. large-scale integrated circuit technology大规模集成电路技术5. developmental cellular system试验性的蜂窝系统6. central coordinating element中

25、央协调单元7. cellular administration蜂窝管理8. operational limitation of conventional mobile telephone system传统移动电话的运行限制9. limited service capability有限的服务能力10. radio communication industry无线通信行业11. available radio frequency spectrum可用的无线电频谱12. the allocated frequency band所分配的频带13. mobile transceiver移动收发信机14.

26、 technological feasibility技术上的可行性15. severe spectrum limitations严厉的频谱限制16. FM broadcasting service 调频广播业务17. propagation path loss传播路径衰耗18. multipath fading多径衰耗19. radio cabinet无线机架20. telephone company zone offices电话公司地方局unit9个人通信 personal communications 通信标准 communication standards固定电话业务 fixed tel

27、ephone service 网络容量 network capacity移动交换中心 mobile switching center 国际漫游 international roaming宽带业务 broadband services 接口转换 interface conversion频谱分配 frequency allocation 模拟方式 analogue mode蜂窝通信原理 cellular communication principle 拥塞 jamming蜂窝裂变 cell splitting 基站 base station寄存器 register 收费功能 billing fun

28、ction接入方法 access method 突发脉冲传输方式 burst transmission mode开销信息 overhead information 切换算法 handover algorithms短消息服务 short message services 技术规范 technical specification1. total access communication system 全接入的通信系统2. global mobile communication system 全球移动通信系统3. time division multiple access 时分多址4. facsim

29、ile and short message service 传真和短消息服务5. fixed communication networks 固定通信网络6. a more personalized system 更个人化的系统7. the cost and quality of the link 链路的价格和质量8. market growth 市场的发展9. fixed telephone service 固定电话业务10. coaxial cable 同轴电缆11. interface conversion 接口转换12. cellular communication principle

30、蜂窝通信原理13. frequency reuse and cell splitting 频率复用和蜂窝裂变14. cochannel interference 共信道干扰15. theoretical spectral capability 理论上的频谱容量16. micro-cellular system 微蜂窝系统17. base station transceiver 基站收发信机18. subscriber register 用户寄存器19. burst transmission mode 突发脉冲传输模式20. overhead information 开销信息21. advanc

31、ed handover algorithms 先进的切换算法22. the GSM technical specifications GSM技术规范说明段落翻译：32页： The most obvious disadvantage of asynchronous data transmission is the need for a start , parity, and stop bit for each transmitted character .If 7 bit characters are used, the overall efficiency is only 70%.A less

32、 obvious disadvantage is due to the character-oriented nature of the data link. Whenever the data link connects a CRT terminal to a computer, few problems arise, as the terminal is itself character oriented. However, if the data link is being used to, say, dump binary data to a magnetic tape, proble

33、ms arise.对于每一个传送的字符，异步数据传输都需要起始位、奇偶检验位和停止位，这是它最明显的缺点。如果采用7比特字符，则总效率仅为70%。一个不太明显的缺点是由于数据链路面向字符的特性造成的。在数据链路中无论何时将CRT终端连接到计算机上，都不会出现什么问题，因为终端本身也是面向字符的。但是如果数据链路用于别处，比方说，将大量二进制数据转储到磁带上，则会产生麻烦。56页：As more and more systems join the internet, and as more and more forms of information can be converted to dig

34、ital form, the amount of stuff available to internet users continues to grow. At some points very soon after the nationwide (and later worldwide) Internet started to grow, people began to treat the Net as a community, with its own tradition and customs. For example, somebody would ask a question in

35、a conference, and a complete stranger would send back an answer: after the same questions were repeated several times by people who hadnt seen the original answers, somebody else gathered a list of “frequently asked questions” and placed it where newcomers could find it. 随着越来越多的系统加入Internet，同时随着越来越多

36、的信息可以转变成数字形式，Internet用户所能得到的东西也在继续增加。随着国家（后来是国际）Internet的发展，人们很快在某些方面开始将互联网看成是一个社区，有自己的传统和习惯。例如某些人会在会议上提出一个问题，一个完全陌生的人会传送一个答案；由于一些人没有看到最初的答案而多次重复这一问题，这时另外一些人会搜集一系列“经常提到的问题”并将其放置在新来者能找到的地方。74页：The SDH standards are based on the principles of direct synchronous multiplexing which is the key to cost-ef

37、fective and flexible telecommunication networking. In essence, it means that individual tributary signals may be multiplexed directly into higher rate SDH signal without intermediate stages of multiplexing. SDH Network Elements can then be interconnected directly with obvious cost and equipment savi

38、ngs over the existing network. SDH标准的基础是直接同步复用。这一原理是低价高效和灵活组网的关键。从本质上讲，这意味着各支路信号可以被直接复用到更高速率的SDH信号之中，而用不着中间级的复用阶段。诸SDH网络单元可以直接相互连接，因而显然比现在的网络更省钱、更省设备。87页：Even visionaries such as Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton, who contributed significantly to our understanding of the properties of light and its f

39、undamental importance, would not likely imagine the communications networks of today. Highways of light span the globe, transmitting massive amounts of information in the twinkling of an eye. The equivalents of millions of telephone calls are transmitted on a single fiber, thinner than a human hair.

40、 Astounding as these advances may seem, we are only at the beginning of what is possible. 爱因斯坦和牛顿在我们对光特性的了解及其基本重要性方面做出了重大贡献，即使是这样富于幻想的人也不大可能想象得到今天通信网络发展的程度。光的高速公路跨越全球，眨眼之间传输巨量的信息。这等于数百万电话的通信量通过比人头发还细的光纤进行传输。这些成就似乎使人很吃惊，但我们只是处于可能会产生更大成就的开始。99页(大段翻译)：One of many reasons for developing a cellular mobil

41、e telephone system and deploying it in many cities is the operational limitations of conventional mobile telephone systems: limited service capability, poor service performance, and inefficient frequency spectrum utilization.A major problem facing the radio communication industry is the limitation o

42、f the available radio frequency spectrum. In setting allocation policy, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) seeks systems which need minimal bandwidth but provide high usage and consumer satisfaction.The ideal mobile telephone system would operate within a limited assigned frequency band wou

43、ld serve an almost unlimited number of users in unlimited areas. Three major approaches to achieve the ideal are:1. Single-sideband(SSB), which divides the allocated frequency band into maximum numbers of channels;2. Cellular, which reuses the allocated frequency band in different geographic locatio

44、ns;3. Spread spectrum, frequency-hopped, which generates many codes over a wide frequency band.In 1971, the computer industry entered a new era. Microprocessors and minicomputers are now used for controlling many complicated features and functions with less power and size than was previously possibl

45、e. Large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit technology reduced the size of mobile transceivers so that they easily fit the standard automobile. These achievements were a few of the requirements for developing advanced mobile phone systems and encouraging engineers to pursue this direction.Another factor

46、 was the price reduction of the mobile telephone unit. LSI technology and mass production contribute to reduced cost so that in the near future an average-income family should be able to afford a mobile telephone unit.开发蜂窝式移动电话系统并将其在许多城市中推广应用的原因之一是传统的移动电话系统存在容量有限、性能差、频谱利用率低的缺点。无线通信领域面临的一个主要问题是可使用的无线

47、频谱有限。在确定分配政策时，美国联邦通信委员会寻求的是只需最小的带宽却能提供高使用率并使用户满意的系统。理想的移动电话系统将在有限的给定频段上工作，但却可以向任意多的地区中几乎是任意多的用户提供服务。实现这种理想系统的方法主要有三种：1单边带（SSB），可将给定的频段分为最多的信道。2蜂窝式，可使给定的频段在不同的地理位置上重复使用。3扩展频谱与跳谱，能在宽频上产生许多代码。1971年，计算机工业进入了一个新纪元。现在许多复杂的特性和功能都使用微处理机和小型计算机进行控制，这比以前的控制方法减少了功率，缩小了体积。大规模集成电路技术减小了移动收发两用机的体积，而容易安装在标准汽车中。这些成果满

48、足了发展先进的移动电话系统的一些要求，促使工程人员进一步向这个方向努力。另一个因素是移动电话机的价格下降。大规模集成电路技术和批量生产带来的价格下降，使在不远的将来普通收入水平的家庭也用得起移动电话。汉译英30页：在计算机及其显示终端之间最为常见的串行接口是异步串行接口。这个接口之所以如此称呼，是因为无论在多长的时间区间里发送的数据和接收的数据是不同步的，因而没有必要采用特殊的手段使发送器和接收器的时钟同步。实际上，异步串行数据链路是一种古老的数据传输方式，它起源于电传打字机的时代。By far the most popular serial interface between a computer and its CRT terminal is the asynchronous serial interface. This interface is so called because the transmitted data and the received data are not synchronized over any extended period and therefore no special means of synchronizing the clocks at the transmitter and receiver is necessa