建筑给排水外文翻译

1、毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译系别环境工程学院专业班级给水排水工程61101班姓名宋嘉评分指导教师 吴宜珍武汉纺织大学2014年6月i武汉纺织大学建筑给排水外文翻译多层住宅建筑给排水设计的几个问题摘要：本文就多层住宅建筑给排水设计中给水管材的选用，管道的敷设方式，水 表出户设置，家用热水器的设置及空调冷凝水排放等问题进行探讨， 并提出一些 具体看法。关键词：多层住宅，给水管材，管道敷设，水表，太阳能热水器多层住宅以其配套设施简单，造价低，物业管理方便等特点，很受中小城市 房地产开发商和广大居民的欢迎。 如何按2000年小康住宅科技产业工程居住区 规划设计导则的要求，提高住宅的设计水平，为每个住户营

2、造出一个舒适的生活空间，是每个设计人员的职责所在。作为住宅的心脏一一厨房、卫生间，是功 能复杂，卫生、安全和舒适度要求 高，营造繁杂，技术要求高的空间。因此，设 计人员必须以整体设计的观念和方法，综合考虑厨房、卫生间给排水管道和设备的安装等。下面就多层住宅给排水设计中给水管材的选用、管道的敷设、水表 出户设置、家用热水器的设置和空 调冷凝水排放等问题与同行们一起探讨。（一）给水管材选用问题传统的给水管材一般采用镀锌钢管，由于镀锌钢管易锈蚀，使用寿命短，用 于输送生活用水不能满足水质卫生标准等 缺点，建设部正大力推广塑料给水管 的应用。许多地市已明文规定：禁止设计使用镀锌钢管，推广使用塑料给水管

3、。 塑料给水 管与金属管道相比，具有重量轻，耐压强度好，输送液体阻力小，耐 化学腐蚀性能强，安装方便，省钢节能，使用寿命长等优点。给水用塑料管道主 要有：硬聚氯乙烯（PVC U ）、高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）、交联聚乙烯（PEX）、 改性聚丙烯（PP- R，PP C）、聚丁烯（PB）、铝塑复合管（PE AL PE，PEX AL PEX）和钢塑复合管等。管材的选择是经济技术的比较过程，技术上应从压力、温度、使用环境、安装 方法等方面进行考虑，同时结合业主 的要求和住宅的档次，进行经济技术综合 考虑后确定。以上所塑料给水管材都可作为住宅生活给水管材。经济适用房和解困房主要面对广大中低收入居民，可选用

4、卫生级硬聚氯乙烯管（PVC-U）作为给水管，以降低造价；中高档商品房可用铝塑复合管（PE-AL PE, PEX AL PEX）或其他塑料给水管材作为给水管。住宅配水点的热水温度不超过 600C，因此上述管材中除硬聚氯乙烯管（PVC U）和铝塑料复合管（PE AL PE）外,大多管材可作为住宅的热水管道。（二）管道敷设问题1 给排水立管的敷设一般有以下几种方式1）明装在厨房、卫生间的墙角处。在以往的住宅设计中较多采用这种敷设 方式，它施工方便，但明露管道有碍居室美观，住户在二次装修时大多会用轻质 材料给予隐藏起来。2）明装在建筑物外墙阴角处。这种方式仅适用于南方天气较暖和的地区，冬季的最低温度不

5、得低于零摄氏度，以防水管内水冻结成冰，胀裂管道，影响住户使用。管道在外墙敷设，影响建筑美观，也不便于日后管理和维修。3）敷设在管道井内。这种方式使居室洁净美观，但管道井占用了卫生间的面积，且管道施工、维修都比较困难。卫生间设立集中管道井，把给水管、排水管都集中在管道井里布置，这是小康住宅厨房、卫生间居住文明的重要 体现。 本人认为：在中高档的商品房建筑方案设计时应考虑卫生间管道井的设置，这样即提高卫生间的使用质量，又可解决硬聚氯乙烯排水管水流噪声大的问题，提高居室的环境质量水平；对于卫生间面积较小的经济适用房和 解困房，在南方 较暖和地区给排水立管可考虑敷设在外墙， 以增大卫生间的使用空间；管

6、道明装 在室内时，应不 影响厨房、卫生间各卫生设备功能的使用。2 给水支管敷设住宅给水支管管径一役dew 32mm，小管径的塑料给水管，呈弯曲状态，故 住宅给水支管提介采用暗设。给水支管暗 设的方式有：1）暗设在砖墙里。施工时在砖墙面开管槽，管槽宽度为管子外径de+20mm， 深度为管子外径de,管道直接嵌入管 槽，并用管卡将子固定在管槽内。2）对于小管径给水支管dew 20mm，可暗设在楼（地）面找平层里。施工 时在楼（地）板面上开管槽，槽宽为de+10mm，深为1/2de,管道半嵌入管槽里，并用管卡将管子固定在管槽内。铝塑复合管和交联聚丙烯管等管道采用金属 管件连接，采用暗设时须加大管槽尺

7、寸，且水流局部水头损失较大。对于厨房、 卫生间内卫生器具布置相对集中的住宅，可采用分水器进行连接，分水器是一种多分支管接头，各卫生器具给水支管分别从分水器接出。 这样既可避免暗埋管 道的管接头 渗透问题。又可减小局部水头损失，降低管网造价。3）排水支管敷设住宅室内排水横管宜设在本层套内，这样排水横管渗透时可避免污水等污染 物进入邻户，管道维修时也不会影响到邻 户的正常生活。厨房内洗涤盆的排水横支管一般在本层楼板面上接入排水立管；地漏排水支管须敷设下层空间。现在许多同行都认为：厨房地面都铺设瓷砖，清洁地在时不须用水冲洗，设置地漏意义不大，故厨房内可不设地地漏，这样既避免排水横 支 管进入邻户，又

8、可增大厨房的使用空间。卫生间内排水横支管在本层敷设具体措施有：1） 提高卫生间地面。地面势高 150mm,采用后排式坐便器，洗脸盆、浴 盆和地漏的排水横管暗埋在垫层内。2）采用下沉式卫生间。卫生间楼板面下沉 350m m,卫生器具排水横管暗 埋在下沉空间里。这两种做法均可实现卫生间的排水横支管埋设本层的地面而不进入邻户。暗埋管道安装时，施工质量一定要严格把关， 经验收合格后方可施工卫生间地面， 以免给日后使用中留下隐患。卫生间地面施工可填充煤灰等轻质材料， 亦可采用 砌砖 架空铺设制板施工地面，地面须做防水处理，做法可参照屋面防水处理， 如做两油一布橡塑油膏防水。（三）水表户外设置问题水表设在

9、户内，不但抄表的工作量很大，而且使住宅的安全性和私密性大大 降低。故住宅的分户水表或分户水表的数字 显示宜设在户外。多层住宅水表户 外设置有以下几种形式：1. 采用远传水表把普通水表换成远传水表，由一根信号线连接水表与数据采集机， 再传至智 能管理（微机）。它的优点在于节省大量人 力来抄表，数据准确，缺点是造价高。2. 采用磁卡式水表用户预先购买自来水公司的电子卡，然后把它插入水表的存贮器内，用水时 卡上金额被自动扣除，这种方式用户需预付 水费，水表价格较高。3. 采用普通水表设在户外1）水表设在楼梯休息平台的壁龛里。住户给水支管经水表计量后进入厨房、 卫生间。这种方式实现了水表出房设置， 工

10、程等价低，但给水立管和水表设在 楼梯处影响美观。它适用于南方较暖和地区厨房、卫生间布置靠近楼梯间位置的 住宅。2）水表集中设在水表间（水表箱）。下行上给式供水时，在底层设水表间（水 表箱），各层住户给水支管在管道井内敷 设，南方地区也可在建筑物阴角处沿外 墙敷设；上行下给式供水时，可在屋顶设水表间（水表箱）。这种方式增加给水 支管敷设长度、管道沿外墙敷设影响建筑物美观。水表出户布置的方式选择，须结合住宅厨房、卫生间平面布置特点和开发 商的具体要求，对以上几种可行 性方案进行经济技术比较后确定。物业管理完善的住宅小区的中高档商品房， 可 采用远传水表，它是今后水表应用发展方向；物业管理不完善的住

11、宅小区的中 高档商品房，可采用磁卡式水表（在自来水公司有这种业务的地区可设计）或集中设置水表间（箱）；南方地区单元式住宅可用普通水表设在楼梯的休息平台 处，以降低造价。（四）家用热水器的设置问题住宅设计时应预留安装热水供应设施的条件， 或设置热水供应设施。所以在 没有集中热水供应的住宅，应考虑家 用热水 器的安装位置及冷热水管道布置。 家用热水器一般有燃气、电、太阳能等三种。燃气热水器和电热水器一般安装在 厨房或卫生间内，在建筑给排水设计时应预留出热水器的安装位置和冷热水管 道的接口，便于用户装修时自行安装。太阳能热水器使用简便安全，无需燃料及电力，运行费用低，使用寿命长，无污染，很受广大用户

12、的欢迎，近几年来有不少的住宅小 区在设计施工时就全部安装上了太阳能热水器。太阳能热水器一 般安装在屋顶上，这样就需要在卫生间与屋面热水器之间设置冷热水管道，住宅设计时若不考虑太阳能热水器的安装，今后住户安装时只能将冷热管道沿建筑 物外墙敷设，这样既 增加住户安装时的难度，增加管线投资，又影响建筑的美 观。所以在建筑给排水设计时需要先征求开发商的意见，是否统一设计，统一施工太阳能热水器；或只预留出太阳能热水器及冷热水管道的安装位置。太阳能热水器的冷热水管道可敷设 在管道井内；不设管道井的住宅，可在卫生间靠近 沐浴器的墙角增设一根de110的UPVCH冰管作为太阳能热水器热水管道的套管，在每户卫生

13、间距地面1m处设一个de11075三通，作为冷热水管的接入口。（五）空调冷凝水排放问题近几年，空调逐渐进入千家万户，空调冷凝水无组织排放污染建筑物外墙， 已是影响生活区美观的一个重要问题。建筑给排水设计时应考虑空调冷凝水的有组织排放。具体做法可在预留空调外机位置旁设置冷凝水排水管，排水立管选用PVC-U排水管de40,在每层空调机高度预留排水三通，便于空调机排水软 管直接接入。译文来源：美国PE杂志建筑给排水工程师2010年第10期11The multilevel residential housing is given and drains off water several questio

14、ns designedSummary： This text give and drain off water on multilevel residential housing design supply water the exertion of the tubular product, Way of laying of pipeline, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and air conditioner condensation water of pot-type boiler discharge issue goes

15、 on the discussi on, And put forward some con crete views.Keyword: Skyscraper, supply water the tubular product , the pipeline is laid, The water gauge, the solar water heaterThe skyscraper is simple with its auxiliary facility, the fabrication cost is low, the characteristic such as being convenien

16、t of estate man ageme nt, Receive the welcomes of the real estate developer and vast reside nt of small and medium-sized cities very much. How project pla nning and desig n of in habited regi on, scie ntific and tech no logical in dustry of comfortable house, lead the request accordi ng to 2000, Imp

17、rove the design level of the house, build out a comfortable living space for each household, It is each designers duty. As the heart of the house -The kitchen, bathroom, is that the function is complicated, hygiene, safe and comfortable degree is expected much, It is miscella neous to build, the spa

18、ce expect ing much in tech no logy. So, the designer must consider synthetically with the idea and method of global desig n that the kitche n, bathroom give in stallatio n of the drain age pipeli ne and equipme nt etc. Give and drain off water on skyscraper desig n supply water exerti on, to lay pip

19、eli ne of tubular product, water gauge produce family set up, establishme nt and empty of pot-type boiler now Tran sfer conden sati on water discharge issue discuss together with colleagues.(1) supply water tubular product select problem for use Traditi onal water supply tubular product adopt zin c-

20、plated steel tube gen erally, because zin c-plated steel tube exchange the corrosion, Use short-lived , use for and send domestic water can satisfied with water quality san itary sta ndard shortco ming, Mi nistry of Con structi on is popularizing the application of the feed pipe of plastics energeti

21、cally . A lot of districts and cities have already expressed regulations: Forbid designing and using the zin c-plated steel tube, use widely the feed pipe of plastics. The plastics supply water In charge of compared with metal pipeline, light, it is fine to able to bear the intensity of keeping, Sen

22、d obstruction little liquid , able to bear chemistry better to corrode performa nee, it is convenient to in stall, The steel en ergy-c on servatio n of the provin ce, merit of having long performanee life etc. Supply water and use plastics pipeline: Hard polyvinyl chloride( PVC-U), high density poly

23、ethylene( HDPE), pay and unite polyethylene( PEX) , modify the polypropylene( PP-R, PP-C), gather butane( PB), aluminum mould and compound and in charge of and the steel is molded and compo und and is man aged etc. Choice of tubular product econo mic comparative course of tech no logy, tech no logy

24、should from pressure, temperature, en vir onment for use, in stall method etc. go on and con sider, Comb ine owners at the same time request and the house of grade, carry on and fix after being con sider syn thetically tech no logy not economic. The above plastics supply water tubular product can su

25、pply water tubular product as house life. The economic and functional house conciliating Strand room in the face of the masses of with low- and medium-level in comes reside nt, can select for use hygiene grades of hard polyvinyl chloride in charge of as feed pipe mainly, In order to reduce the fabri

26、cation cost; Medium-to-high grade commodity apartme nt available alu minum Mould and compo und and in charge of or other plastics supply water the tubular product as the feed pipe. House mix hot water temperature that water order exceed 600 C, so above-mentioned tubular product in charge of except h

27、ard polyvinyl chloride and aluminum plastics compound and in charge of( PE-AL-PE), Mostly the tubular product can be regarded as the hot water pipeli ne of the house.(2) Pipeline laid problem 1. Give and drain off water it set up there aren one that in charge of1) Will in stall it in the corner plac

28、e of the kitche n, bathroom tomorrow. Adopti ng this kind of way of laying more in the design of house in the past, it is convenient for it to con struct, But will reveal the pipeli ne and hin der the room beautifully tomorrow Watch, the households will mostly be hidden with the light quality materi

29、al in the equipme nt two times.2) Will in stall it in the overcast an gle place of the outer wall of the buildi ng tomorrow. Way this suitable for southern weather warm district only, the minimum temperature in winter cant be lower than zero degrees Centigrade, In case water pipe water-logg ing free

30、ze ice is bloated to split pipeli ne, in flue nee household use. Pipeli ne lay in outer wall, in flue nee build ing to be beautiful, too inconvenient on man age and maintain in the future.3) Lay it in the pipeline well. This way makes the room clean and beautiful, but the pipeli ne well has take n u

31、p the area of the bathroom, And pipeli ne con struct, maintain relatively more difficult. Bathroom set up concentrate pipeline well, concentrate pipeline on assign in the well feed pipe, drain pipe; this is that the civilized importa nee lives in the kitche n of comfortable house, bathroom Embodime

32、nt. I think : Should consider the establishment of the pipeline well of the bathroom in the medium-to-high grade buildi ng con ceptual desig n of commodity apartme nt, Improve quality of using of bathroom promptly so , can solve hard polyvinyl chloride drain pipe rivers noise heavy problem, Improve

33、the environmental quality level of the room; Whether for bathroom in the areas for little economic and functional house and Overcome difficulties room, warm area give and drain off water and set up and in charge of and can con sider and lay in the outer wall in the South, In order to in crease using

34、 the space of the bathroom; Pipeli ne in stall and in the room, should in flue nce kitche n, bathroom every san itary equipme nt use of fun cti on tomorrow(3) Supply water and prop up there aren tte House supply water prop up and in charge of pipe diameter one 32mm, de of battle, little plastics fee

35、d pipe of pipe diameter is the crooked state, So the house supplies water and is propped up and in charge of being recomme nded and adopted and set up secretly. Supply water to prop up to man age darkly there is this way had:1) Set up in the brick wall secretly. Wall tur n on and in charge of trough

36、 in brick whe n con struct ing, in charge of trough width tube +20 mm, de of exter nal diameter, degree of depth tube exter nal diameter de, The pipeli ne is imbedded and man aged directly Trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of son.2) Whether pipe diameter supply water

37、and prop up and lastde 20mpcan set up at floor secretly piece make level by layer. Turn on and in charge of trough in floor (ground) the board whe n con struct in g, it wide trough have to be de +10 mm deeply 1/2 of the de, Half pipeline imbed and in charge of trough, and with in charge of card fix

38、in trough of inning charge of tube. Alu minums mould compo und and in charge of and pay and unite polypropylene in charge of pipeline adopt metal pipe fittings conn ecti on, Must stre ngthe n and in charge of trough size whe n adopti ng and set up secretly, and rivers some flood peak loss relatively

39、 heavy. Assign the relative house that concentrated to the kitchen, bathroom interior hygiene utensil, Can adopt and divide Water device go on and join , divide water device whether one more than branch in charge of and conn ect, every hygie ne ute nsil supply water and prop up and in charge of and

40、connects and publishes from the water dividing device separately. Can already prevent the tube burying the pipeline secretly from being connected like this Permeate the question. Can reduce some flood peak lost, decrease the fabrication cost of pipe n etworks3) Dra in off water and prop up the tube

41、to lay House room drain off water and in charge of and should set up at the time of inning this each, drain off water and in charge of permeati ng sideways like this canning preve nt the sewage from wait ing for the polluta nt to en ter the n eighbor family sideways, Will not in flue nce the n eighb

42、or either when the pipeline is maintained Normal life of one. Kitchen wash water drain age of bas in propped up and in charge of gene rally ing in serts draining off water to sta nd to man age this layer of floor sideways; Floor drain off water propped up and in charge of laying the room of lower fl

43、oor. A lot of colleagues think now: Whether kitche n the ground it lay ceramic tile of, whose n ame is clea n in whe n n eed develop with water, not strong in meaning to set up floor drain, So kitchen set up ground floor drain, avoid and drain off water and prop up and in charge of and enter neighbo

44、r family sideways already so, Can in crease using the space of the kitche n . Bathroom drain off water and prop up and in charge of and lay con crete measure has in this layer sideways in side:4) Improve the bathroom ground. Ground tendency high 150mm, adopt back row type take stool pot, wash ing ba

45、s in, bath tub, water drain age of floor drain in charge of and bury in cushi on layer secretly sideways.5) Adopt the sinking type bathroom. Bathroom sink 350mm the floor, hygiene ute nsil drain off water and in charge of and bury on sinking space secretly sidewaysTwo method these can realize water

46、drain age of bathroom prop up and in charge of earths surface to bury un dergro und this one without en teri ng the n eighbor family sideways. Bury pipeli ne whe n in stalli ng, con struct ion quality must check on strictly, can con struct bathroom ground after confirming qualified secretly, So as n

47、ot to leave the hidde n dan ger in giving in the future using. Bathroom ground con struct and can pack coal ash light quality material, also can adopt and lay bricks impracticable to lay plate maki ng con struct ground. Ground must make waterproof to deal with, method can waterproof to deal with acc

48、ording to roofing, make two oil one rubber and plastic oin tme nt waterproof cloth.6) water gauge the ope n air set up problem The water gauge is had in doors, not only the work load of check ing meter is very heavy , but also make the security and privacy of the house reduce greatly . So house divi

49、des into households of water gauge or divides households of figure of water gauge Show that should be set up in the ope n air. Skyscraper water gauge the open air set up following several kinds of forms: Whether 1.adopt far it pass by water gauge Change the ordinary water gauge into and pass the wat

50、er gauge far, is joined the water gauge and data gatheri ng mach ine by a sig nal line, And the n reach in tellige nee to man age( the computer). Its merit lies in sav ing a large amount of people Stren gth comes to check meter, the data are accurate, the shortcoming is that the fabrication cost is

51、high. Whether 2.adopt magnetic stripe card of by water gauge Users buy the electr onic card of the running water Compa ny in adva nee , the n in sert it in the stori ng device of the water gauge, Card amount of money deduct automatically on the water, this way user n eed to prepay the water rate, Th

52、e price of the water gauge is relatively high.(4) Adopt it set up at the ope n air water gauge not ordi nary1) The water gauge is set up in the stair have a rest in the alcove of the platform. Household water supply to prop up and man age and en ter the kitche n, bathroom after the water gauge is me

53、asured. Way this realize water gauge produce room set up, equivale nee low project have , supply water and set up and in charge of and set up with water gauge office results in aesthetic problems in stair. It suitable for the South warm district kitche n, bathroom assig n close to the houses of posi

54、ti ons of staircase.2) The water gauge concen trates on being set up among the water gauges (meter box). Pers on who give whe n suppl ying water, set up water gauge in ground floor (meter box) on falli ng, every household water supply to prop up and is in charge of appl ying hav ing in the pipeli ne

55、 well, Souther n area can overcast horn place lay along the outer wall i n build ing too; Pers on who give whe n suppl ying water, can set up water gauge in roof( meter box) un der up going. This way in creases and supplies water to prop up In charge of and lay len gth, pipeli ne lay and in flue nee

56、 buildi ng to be beautiful along outer wall. Water gauge produce way choice that family assig n, must comb ine house kitche n, bathroom pla ne assig n characteristic and con crete request of developer, Carry on to several feasibility scheme the above econo mic tech no logy fix after compari ng. Prop

57、erty well-ma naged medium-to-high grade commodity apartme nt of hous ing district, can adopt and pass the water gauge far , It is that the water gauge will use the develop ing directi on in the future; Estate man ageme nt perfect medium- to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can ado

58、pt magnetic stripe card water gauge( Compa ny have this kind district of bus in ess can desig n in running water) Or concen trate on sett ing up it among the water gauges( case); Souther n area unit type house can set up rest platform office in stair with ordinary water gauge, In order to reduce the

59、 fabricati on cost.3) establishme nt questi on of the pot-type boiler Should reserve and in stall hot water supply terms of facility, set up hot water supply facilities with whe n the desig n of house. Have and concentrate house that hot water supply on , should consider house assig n with in stallati on positi on and cold hot water pipeli ne of hot wat