热带水果介绍英文资料

1、David S. Seigler Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA /seigler Tropical Fruits and Nuts: OutlineTropical Fruits and Nuts: Outline Importance Local World-wide Botanical Domestication Changes -some ancient Cul

2、tivation - propagation - rarely monoculture - why not? Most Important Bananas Citrus Pineapple Avocado Mango Tropical nuts- importance Coconut Cashew READING CHAPTER 4 IN TEXT. Fruits from market in Panama Courtesy Dr. Carol Augspurger Tropical fruits in a Queensland market Many types of tropical fr

3、uits. Some exotic and not found commonly in temperate regions of the world. Others are well-known cultivars such as tomatoes, squash, green peppers and cucumbers. Most of the other types of tropical crops are perennials that cannot be cultivated in temperate zones of the world. Introduction More typ

4、es of fruits in the tropics than in temperate portions of the world Few previously known here. The situation has changed in recent years. Many exotic tropical fruits are in. In the tropics, most gathered wild or cultivated on a local scale and consumed locally. Bananas, citrus crops, pineapples, man

5、goes, and avocados are major exceptions. See the table of tropical fruits and nuts on pg. 76. Tables of production, p. 77. Bananas (Musa sp., Musaceae) are from southeast Asia. The taxonomy is complex. They were early taken to Madagascar and Africa by the Indonesians. In 600 B.C. they were in India.

6、 Alexander the Great saw them there. In 1522 in West Africa. To the Americas by 1516. Other evidence indicates that bananas were also domesticated in east Africa at an early date. Bananas Banana plantations in Jamaica Musa sapientum, bananas, Musaceae Carolina Biological Supply Co. Banana leaves and

7、 plantains Most banana species have seeds. Common cultivars are sterile triploids. Most bananas in the tropics cooked, but many also are eaten fresh. Most of bananas in the U.S. are the latter type. Primitive, probably diploid, banana Balick and Cox, Plants, People, and Culture The rise of bananas a

8、s a cultivated crop is linked to the history of the United Fruit Company. In 1900, the company developed a good transport system to ship bananas to market. They perfected the conditions to ship the fruits without spoilage and to ripen them at exactly the proper time for market. They also dominated t

9、he politics of many Central American countries. Bananas reproduced vegetatively. This leads to many fungal disease problems. See figures pg. 94. Musa textilis (abaca) is used as a fiber crop. Domesticated members of this genus are difficult taxonomically because of selection of mutants and hybridiza

10、tion in agricultural practice. All have a hesperidium for a fruit. This is basically a berry with a leathery skin (exocarp and mesocarp together) and oil glands. The endocarp has modified fleshy hairs or juice sacs that are the part we eat. Citrus crops Citrus fruits The Complete Book of Fruits & Ve

11、getables, F. Bianchini, F. Corbetta, M. Pistola, Crown Publishers, New York, 1973 Citrus fruit keeps relatively well. None of this group is native to the low, wet tropical regions of the world. They seem to prefer dry climates with lots of sunshine. They cannot tolerate severe frosts well. The citro

12、n (Citrus medica) was the first introduced into Europe. Almost all are propagated vegetatively. The orange (Citrus sinensis, Rutaceae) is the most widely cultivated of all of the Citrus crops. The wild ancestors are not known. Oranges transferred to the Persian empire. The Moors brought them to Spai

13、n. The Spanish and Portuguese introduced them into the New World. Most U.S. oranges from Florida, Texas and California. Diagram of orange flowers etc. p. 79. Citrus aurantium or bitter orange used for marmalade and liquors. Citrus aurantifolia, the lime, from East Indies. The Arabs used them by 1000

14、 A.D. They were introduced into Europe by 12th or 13th century. Used to treat scurvy by the British. Citrus reticulata, the tangerine was brought to the U.S. and to Europe about 1800. From S.E. Asia. Pomello, Citrus grandis, Rutaceae Citrus paradisi, the grapefruit, arose spontaneously in the West I

15、ndies. Considered to be a hybrid between the pummelo (C. maxima) and the sweet orange (C. sinensis) by some. Pink grapefruit (e.g., Ruby Red) are sports or somatic mutations. Ruby Red arose in McAllen, Texas, in 1929 and is propagated vegetatively. Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi, Rutaceae Lemon, Citrus

16、 limon, Rutaceae Citrus limon often associated with Italian descent peoples. Lemons often used for flavoring foods. Widely distributed in the New World when Columbus came. Pineapples domesticated by the Guaran Indians of Paraguay. Pineapples are multiple fruits. Most modern cultivars parthenocarpic.

17、 They set seed without fertilization. Normally, pineapples are reproduced vegetatively. Pineapple, Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae Pineapple, Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae Pineapples were taken to many countries by the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch. They were taken to Hawaii by the Dole family. In the

18、1970s, Hawaii grew about 1/3 of worlds supply. Now about 2%. Avocados native to Mexico and Central America. Exceptional in that they have lipids instead of sugars or starches. The mesocarp is rich in oil. 2000-2800 calories per kg. Avocados appear about 7000 B.C. in Mexico. May have been independent

19、ly domesticated in at least three different areas. Introduced into the U.S. by the Spanish, but did not become common until the 1960s. Today, many are cultivated in Florida and California. Avocados (Avocados (Persea americanaPersea americana, Lauraceae), Lauraceae) Avocados and flowers Avocados, Per

20、sea americana, Lauraceae Primitive avocados Mangoes are native to southeast India. Mangoes taken to the New World by the Portuguese and are now a major crop in many countries. See pg. 98. Some people are sensitive to the outside of the fruit. Mangoes (Mangoes (Mangifera indicaMangifera indica, Anaca

21、rdiaceae), Anacardiaceae) Mangos, Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae Dates, Dates, Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactylifera, Arecaceae, Arecaceae Dates come from the palm family (Arecaceae or Palmae). Dates have long been an important food plant. Fruits of wild relatives have been gathered for thousands

22、of years and presumably the cultivated ones arose from these. Dates are nutritious and contain 75% carbohydrate and 2 percent protein. Date palms are dioecious, i.e., they have male and female parts on different plants. By 2300 B.C., agriculturalists had learned how to pollinate them. Collecting pol

23、len and pollinating date palms Courtesy Dr. Abraham Krikorian Figs (Figs (Ficus caricaFicus carica, Moraceae), Moraceae) Figs are from the Near East. They have been cultivated for thousands of years. This large genus contains only one important commercial fruit crop. The fig is frequently mentioned

24、in the Bible and other Near Eastern literature. Figs are often pollinated by small wasps, although some are parthenocarpic or self-pollinating. Smyrna figs have only female flowers. Smyrna and Capri figs often grown together to provide pollen source. See diagram p. 96. Fig, Ficus carica, Moraceae Fi

25、gs in market A synconium Breadfruit and jackfruitBreadfruit and jackfruit Breadfruit (Artocarpus atilis, Moraceae) native to Polynesia. Cultivated for thousands of years. Tall trees with unisexual flowers. Forms a multiple fruit. The part eaten is formed by abortive flowers. See p. 101. Captain Blig

26、h sent to take them to the West Indies to feed slaves. He set out in the ship Bounty but encountered difficulties. Bligh persevered and went back and finally got breadfruit to the West Indies. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) has a similar fruit but sweet tasting. Breadfruit, Artocarpus atilis,

27、Moraceae Jack fruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Moraceae Pomegranates (Pomegranates (Punica granatumPunica granatum, Punicaceae), Punicaceae) Pomegranates native to the Old World. Also cultivated for thousands of years. Brought to Spain by the Moors by 800 A.D. Spanish introduced pomegranates into th

28、e New World. Grown for both ornamentals and fruits. Pomegranate, Punica granatum, Punicaceae The papaya (The papaya (Carica papayaCarica papaya, Caricaceae), Caricaceae) Papayas are native to Central America or northern South America, but now are cultivated throughout the tropics. They are in demand

29、 in the U.S. mostly for the enzyme papain isolated from the immature fruits. See p. 100. Papaya, Carica papaya, Caricaceae Courtesy Dr. Mark McClure More exotic tropical fruitsMore exotic tropical fruits Members of the genus Annona such as the sweet sop and the cherimoya. Courtesy Dr. Nancy Hikes So

30、ursop or guanbana, Annona muricata, Annonaceae They are compound fruits. Star fruit or carambola (Averrhoa carambola, Oxalidaceae) is native to Asia. Kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis, Actinidiaceae) are native to Asia. They were introduced from New Zealand. Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis, Passiflor

31、aceae) native to New World are widely eaten. See p. 103. Guavas (Psidium guayaba, Myrtaceae) (native to S. America) Several other members of this family are also eaten. Hog plum or ciruela, Spondias purpurea, Anacardiaceae Sapotes and sapodillas (most from the Sapotaceae). Mamey colorado, Calocarpum

32、 mammosum, Sapotaceae Amecameca market with mameys The akee (Blighia sapida, Sapindaceae) was introduced from Africa to the West Indies with black slaves. The national dish of Jamaica. A number of toxicity problems are associated with this fruit. Lychee, Litchi chinensis, Sapindaceae The litchi (Lit

33、chi chinensis) and the rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) are members of the Sapindaceae. Both native to Asia. Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum, Sapindaceae The mamon tico or mamoncillo (Melicocca bijuga) is native to Central and South America. Also Sapindaceae. The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana, Clusiac

34、eae) is native to Southeast Asia. Although really delicious, it is rarely seen outside of that part of the world. Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, Clusiaceae The durian, Durio zebethinus, Bombacaceae, is legendary for its odor. This fruit, native to Southeast Asia, has a creamy texture and is quite

35、sweet in taste. Tropical nut cropsTropical nut crops Many nuts have been utilized and some domesticated in the tropics as well as in the temperate portions of the world: The coconut (The coconut (Cocos nuciferaCocos nucifera, Arecaceae), Arecaceae) Coconuts widely used in the tropics today. Yield oi

36、l, fiber, drink, and food. Coconut native to S.E. Asia and early transported to many parts of the world by ocean currents and also by man. The coconut had apparently just arrived in the New World before Columbus. Each fruit contains one seed. This is one of the largest seeds known. Coconut, Cocos nu

37、cifera, Arecaceae Coconut plantation in northern Venezuela Cashew (Cashew (Anacardium occidentaleAnacardium occidentale, Anacardiaceae), Anacardiaceae) The cashew is the most important tropical fruit that is eaten as a nut. This fruit is poisonous until heated and the outside portions removed. See d

38、iagrams pg. 105. Cashews are native to northern South America. Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, Anacardiaceae Natural History Magazine The fruit is also eaten as a fruit, but usually used for making juice. Now widely escaped and cultivated in arid tropical regions such as India, southern Africa, Mexi

39、co, Florida, and the Mediterranean. India is a major producer. Cashew and consumers Natural History Magazine Macadamia (Macadamia (Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamia integrifolia, , Proteaceae)Proteaceae) Macadamia nuts are one of few plants from Australia that are cultivated. They were taken from Aust

40、ralia to Hawaii where most macadamia cultivation is centered. The climate there is ideal and Hawaii is one of the few places that they can be grown well. Macadamia, Macadamia ternifolia, Proteaceae Brazil nuts (Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsaBertholletia excelsa, , Lecythidaceae)Lecythidaceae) Brazil nuts are native to Brazil. They are borne in a peculiar fashion, see the diagram pg. 106. Brazil nuts usually collected from wil