翻译概论总结

1、多项选择： 1. Roman Jakobsons tripartite classification: intralingual translation (rewording), interlingual translation (translation proper), and intersemiotic translation (transmutation) 2. text types: technical, institutional, literary translation 3. outline of major theories of translation: (1) Chrono

2、logically (by the time of their birth or occurrence): the philological, hermeneutic, linguistic, communicative, sociosemiotic, skopos, manipulative, norm, post-structuralist, postcolonial (2) topologically (by the particular approach adopted or focus directed by their proponents): their approaches t

3、o translation may be grouped into the philological, linguistic, functionalist, semiotic, cultural, philosophical. 重要概念： 1. translation studies: (1). The paper “the name and nature of translation studies”written by James Holmes in 1988, marks the birth of the discipline of TS. The descriptive branch:

4、product, process, function-oriented The theoretical branch: general the applied branch includes translation practice (text analysis and genre translation), T criticism, and the training of translators, development of the translation profession. Specifically, translation practice includes text analys

5、is and genre translation, and the former covers such areas of research as: source text analysis, comparison of translations while the genre translation covers texts like drama, poetry, prose fiction, religious text, tourism texts, and multimedia texts. The external translation studies are the derive

6、d or borderline parts of TS, covering areas where the internal TS interact or marry with other disciplines, such as history, sociology, cultural anthropology, philosophy, linguistics, psychology, theory of communication, computer science and technology, etc. For example, history of translation; soci

7、ology and cultural studies of T; T ethics; term ino logy man ageme nt; Ian guage and tran slati on tech no logy Or historical/cultural translation; translation ethics; terminology and glossaries; translation and technology The internal studies and the external studies of translation are related and

8、complementary to each other in that the research results in the former provide the latter with both a theoretical basis and a practical focus of concern while the research findings in external studies con tribute to the depth and breadth of internal studies by providi ng new observati ons and new pe

9、rspectives. 2. definition of translation: Accord ing to Wilss (1995), tran slati on is an action directed toward both the source text and the reader of the target Ianguage. Its procedure is determined by its function and it pursues a goal of en abli ng un dersta nding betwee n in dividuals of differ

10、e nt li nguistic and cultural com mun ities. Nida and Taber (1969) regard tran slatio n as a com muni catio n-based task and defi ne it as: Tran slati on con sists in reproduci ng in the receptor Ian guage the closest natural equivale nt of the source Ian guage message, first in terms of meaning, an

11、d sec on dly in terms of style. (closest in meaning and style; acceptability; loss of information) -tran slati on as a kind of com mun icati on betwee n differe nt Ian guage group -tran slati on should com muni cate in formatio n or meaning 3. theory: A theory, in the simplest sen se, is just a view

12、 or un dersta nding of someth ing that concerns us. In moder n scie nee, it is gen erally un derstood or refers to a proposed expla natio n of empirical phe nomena, made in a way con siste nt with scie ntific method. Theories are collect ions of hypotheses that are logically lin ked together into a

13、cohere nt expla nati on of some aspect of reality and which have in dividually or joi ntly received some empirical support. The properties of a good theory: strong explanatory power that can effectively explain the subject matter it pertains to; strong predicative power which means it should proved

14、a) reas on ably adequate predict ions about the properties not yet discovered of the specific object un der in vestigati on and b) a measure of predictability about the degree of success to be expected from the use of certain principles and procedures in the study of the subject matter. 3. equivalen

15、ce: A term used by many writers to describe the nature and the extent of the relationships which exist between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units. The nature of equivalence ” was successively discussed by prominent figures such as Jakobs on, Euge ne Nida, Peter Newmark, and Werner Koller. (

16、1) Jakobs on li nguistic meaning and equivale nce. He followed the relati on set out by Saussure between the signifier (the spoken and written signal) and the signified (the concept signified). He stated that the signifier and signified form the linguistic sign, but the sign is arbitrary or unmotiva

17、ted, thus there is ordinarily no full equivalence between ST and TT. He defined translation as substituting messages in one language not for separate code-units (signifier) but to entire messages (signified) in some other Ianguage ”. (2) Catford regarded the central task of translation as defining t

18、he nature and conditions of translation equivalence ” and there exists a distinction between textual equivalence and formal corresp ondence. (3) Nida, in spired by Noam Chomsky gen erative-tra nsformatio nal grammar, put forward a three-stage system of tran slati on and used back-tra nsformatio n to

19、 an alyze the kern els un der some complicated surface structure .In terms of equivale nee, he stated that there are formal equivalence which focuses atte nti on on the message itself in both form and content, the message in the receptor Ianguage should match as closely as possible the different ele

20、ments in the source Ian guage. Dynamic equivalence is based on the prin ciple of equivale nt effect, where the relati on ship betwee n receptor and message should be substa ntially the same as that which existed betwee n the orig inal receptor and the message. There are four basic requireme nts of a

21、 tran slati on. (4) Newmark put forward the no ti ons of com muni cative tran slatio n and sema ntic tran slati on. Communicative translation attempts to produce on its reader an effect as close as possible to that obta ined on the readers of the origi nal. Sema ntic tran slati on attempts to ren de

22、r, as closely as the sema ntic and syn tactic structures of the sec ond Ian guage allow, the exact con textual meaning of the origi nal. 4. meaning: According to Nida, meaning is broke down into linguistic meaning, referential meaning and emotive meaning. In terms of traditi onal studies of meaning,

23、 the meanings of meaning are as follows: reference and sen se: reference is the relati on ship betwee n words and the thin gs, acti ons, even ts, and qualities they stand for; sense is the place a which a word or phrase holds in the system of relati on ships with other words or phrases in the vocabu

24、lary of a Ian guage. From the perspective of sociosemiotics, there are 4 basic facts about meaning: 1) meaning is a kind of relati on ship. Meaning is not really an en tity (because words do not have meanin gs, people have meanings for words), but the relati on ship betwee n a sig n and someth ing o

25、utside it 2) there is a plurality of meaning: three kinds of relati on ship a sig n may en ter into - referen tial(sema ntic), pragmatic, syn tactic (in trali ngual); a. Referential meaning (RM) (sign-real world entity) is chiefly connected with the topic of a com muni cati on. Its core eleme nts ar

26、e the external situati on, the facts of the real world. Also known as in formative, con ceptual, cog nitive meaning. But RM does not equal literal meaning (LM). E.g 挂号信；vice-chancellor; indian meal;国际学院；基础实验楼 b. Pragmatic meaning (PM) (sign-user)may be divided into four subsets: identificational mea

27、ning (regi on al, historial backgro und of the speaker); expressive meaning(emoti onal content of an expressi on might have in terms of the pers on ality or in dividual creativity of the user, e.g murder associative meaning (connotative meaning 隐含意义);social meaning (cha nnel of con tact, e.g phatic

28、forms of discourse; forms of address vous/tu; flatter; register); imperative meaning (con ative meaning, operative or in strume ntal meaning) c. intralingual meaning (IM) (sign-sign) is related to the code:phon etic meaning; pho no logical meaning; graphemic meaning; morphological/lexemic meaning, s

29、yn tactic meaning, discoursal/textual meaning 3) style is meaning. S tyle in its linguistic sense is reduced to a group of pragmatic meaning and in trali ngual meanin gs. 4) differe nt meaning may carry differe nt weight in differe nt con texts. 5. code: a system of sig ns or sig nals in volved in t

30、he tran smissi on of messages. Lan guage as a code is a system of multiplicity, i.e. it is composed of diverse eleme nts or has differe nt aspects. 6. sig n: a thing that sig ni fies or sta nds for ano ther thing or thi ngs. 7. sig ni ficati on: using sig ns to mean. A third item is in cluded in the

31、 process of sig ni ficati on, that is, an abstract con cept of the thing for which the sig n sta nds. 8. message: accord ing to Nida and Taber, it con sists of two aspects: meaning and style 9. fusion of horizon: the meeting of different perspectives or backgrounds. So far as translation is concerne

32、d, this concept implies that a translator has to emerge from his own intellectual perspective and cultural backgro und in order to assimilate what is foreig n in a new light. 总结自己学习情况： Taking the course “htroduction of Translation Studies ”s conducive to the improvement of both my theoretical and pr

33、actical inquiry on tran slati on .It is a pity that we cannot cover all the items outlined in the syllabus such as the skopos theory and the manipulation school, which I find them an en lighte ning reading as I read them in Jeremy Mun day “htroduc ing Tran slati on Studies ” As far as I am concern e

34、d, the ben efits by tak ing this course are twofold. First, owning to the systematic exemplifications and illustrations discussed in class, I have a better understanding of the major schools of tran slati on chrono logically and topologically. Equipped with the basic kno wledge and systematic framew

35、ork of tran slati on studies, I can con duct my research or my future thesis paper from an in-depth perspective. The philological approach mai nly concerning on the word for word ” or sense for sense debate, though 案例分析： 1. deep structure an alysis The surface structure is the syntactic structure of

36、 the sentence which a person speaks, hears, reads or writes. It is the actually observed structure of a sentence. The deep structure is much more abstract and it is con sidered to in corporate all in formati on releva nt to the sin gle or un ambiguous in terpretati on of a particular senten ce. Nida

37、 believes that the En glish Ian guage possesses seve n such basic structures, which he terms kern els - the mini mal nu mber of structures from which the rest can be most efficie ntly and releva ntly derived. Nida advocated the back-tra nsformatio n of complex surface structures on to an un derly in

38、g level, in which the fun dame ntal eleme nts are objects, even ts, abstracts, and relati on als. Four steps for an alyz ing and tran sferri ng complicated SL sentences (1) determine whether each word is an object, and event, an abstract, or a relational (2) identify the kernels, (maki ng explicit t

39、he implicit con stitue nt eleme nts of the kern els: who are the recipie nt and age nt?) (3) determ ine the semantic and logical relationshipsbetwee n kern els (group ing the kernels into related sets) (4) find out the most efficie nt way ofrepresenting the given relationships between kernels in the

40、 target la nguage. (state these relati on ships in a form which will be optimal, i.e. closest to the form in the target Ian guage, for tran sfer into the target Ian guage) 例子：the unique and mixed ethnic heritage of the population; the American defence of Bastogne sealed their (Nazi troops) fate; thi

41、s land, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has become a land for win ter and summer vacatio n, a land of magic an d won der. 2. tran sliterati on 以义出音 vs. tran slati on: a term ino logical study of the ren diti on of a sutra text 翻译: 长答题(essay questions; optional) 1. the philological

42、school, which lays emphasis on the source text, in cludi ng its product ion, tran smissi on, and history of in terpretati on, a typical questi on raised with this school being that of whether the translator should bring the original to the target reader (liberal translation) or the target Ianguage r

43、eader to the original (literal translation). Philological traditi on in the western history can be illustrated chrono logically: a) roman times word for word vs. sense for sense. Cicero St. Augusti ne: literal tran slati on b) the middle ages - debate between translation and unacceptable interpretat

44、ion. St. Jerome, father of the church, tran slated the Bible in to Lat in, and developed the Cicero nian dist in ctio n between the undesirable word for word ” translation and the desirable “ense for sense” tran slati on. Tran slator such as King Alfred in En gla nd perceived the task of tran slat i

45、ng the Bible as lin ked to the task of elevati ng the status of the n ewly develop ing Ian guage known as En glish, i.e. the Old En glish. c) the Ren aissa nce copy ing ” an origi nal, but also creat ing a new text with an in dividual voice. Focus on how to strike a bala nce in betwee n and how to r

46、ema in faithful without being subservie nt. d) Reformation doctrinal fidelity vs. possible heretical mistranslation ”. Martin Luther elevated and disseminated the usage of German by his translation of the Bible. Etienne Dolet, burn at the stake for his additi on to his tran slati on of one of Plato

47、dialogues, advocated five prin ciples in tran slati on. thth e) the 17 as Ianguage learning exercise; as commercial enterprise. recovery or Joh n Dryde n reduces all translation to three categories: the triadic model: metaphrase, paraphrase, and imitation. The Port- Royal grammar put forward thatacc

48、uracy in translation could somehow be measured on a qualifiable basis. Alexa nder Tytler reacted aga inst Dryde n paraphrase (loose translation) and set up three basic and celebrated principles of translation: complete transcript of ideas, style and manner of the same character, and all the ease of

49、the original f) the 19 century romanticism and “reative translation ” which centered around the problem of whether tran slati on could be con sidered as a creative or a mecha ni cal en terprise. g) the 20th century -the philological tradition endured In conclusion, the methodology of this school is

50、introspective, impressionistic, relying heavily on the researchers and practitioners intuition.Its central concepts are too abstract to be un equivocally un derstood and too fuzzy to serve as a reliable basis on which detailed theoretical an alysis can be con ducted and uni versally accepted con clu

51、si on draw n simply because differe nt people may have differe nt views of these con cepts. 2. the herme neutic school, which concerns the in terpretative process of the ST. The term hermeneutics is used in two senses: the part of Christian theology 解经学 and theory of un dersta nding and in terpretat

52、i on of the sig ni fica nee of huma n actions, uttera nces, products, and in stituti ons 阐释学。 Herme neutics is a Roma ntic approach to in terpretati on based not on absolute truth but on the in dividual inner feeli ng and un dersta nding. Friedrich Schleiermacher, foun der of moder n Protesta nt the

53、ology and of moder n herme neutics. To give the reader the same impression that he as a German would receive the work in the original Ianguage, the translator must adopt an alienating (as opposed to naturalizing ”) method of translation, orienting himself or herself by the Ianguage and content of th

54、e ST. While Schleiermacher was instrumental in extending hermeneutics beyond the theological domain, Heidegger was the first related the problem of understanding in general to that of lin guistic tran slati on. The in terrelati on ship betwee n herme neutics and tran slati on may be viewed from two

55、angles: the status of translation in hermeneutics and the inspirations TS derived from herme neutics. Tran slati on is give n by Heidegger a function of challe nging thinking that both the original and the translated Ianguage are unique in their capacity for harbor philosophical premises or presuppo

56、siti ons. Gadamer develops his philosophical hermeneutics in terms of the concept offbsion of horizons which implies that, in the view of translation, a translator has to emerge from his own intellectual perspective and cultural background in order to assimilate what is foreign in a new light. View

57、ing tran slati on in herme neutics, meaning must be expressed with in the target Ian guage in a new way and therefore every translation is at the same time an interpretation .The status of translator was improved bytFanslator turn since understanding is achieved through the very in volveme nt of the

58、 tran slator in the con verge nee of two horiz ons. In summary, the perspective of herme neutics is importa nt in TS because it lends in spiri ng in sights into the n ature of T and has in flue need some subseque nt schools of thought on tran slati on like the manipulative and post-structuralist one

59、s and constructivism, but its concern about translation is basically philosophical which does not care about the process of tran slati on. Case study:圆成十相；土卫六；把汉语规律的解释建立在文化认同的科学基础上；知不知上 不知知病 3. the linguistic school, which analyzes, among other things, the SL message and its restructuring in the TL.

60、 Principal figures of this school include Catford, Nida and Chomsky. According to Nida, meaning is broke down into linguistic meaning, referential meaning and emotive meaning. He also proposed three techniques to determine the meaning of different linguistic items: hierarchical structuring, comp one