【美联英语】英语语法 高中英语语法手册

1、关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里美联英语提供：高中英语语法手册32Whose和名词所有格后面不能用one或ones。own后不能用one或ones。Whose is it?(不能说whose one)Her bike is better than her brothers.（不能说brothers one）（6）one和that作替代词时的区别 one 可以代替人或物，that只能代替物。 I havent a book; can you lend me one? 我没有书，你能借我一本吗? I have a brother, one in the army.我有一个哥哥，他在部队。 Look

2、 at the clock, that the wall.看那座钟，墙上那座。 one只能代替可数名词；that可替代可数名词与不可数名词。 The novel is as interesting as the one I read last year.这本小说和我去年读的那本一样有趣。The weather here is rather hotter than that in Beijing.这里的天气比北京的热。 one 可以有前置或后置定语；而that只能有后置定语。 Your answer is better than that of hers.你的答案比她的好。 This is a

3、red pen, and I have three other blue ones.这是一枝红钢笔，我还有三只别的。Please look at the map, the one on the right wall.请看地图，右边墙上的那幅。 one（不加定语）表示泛指；that表示特指。 The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.这首曲子和我昨天听的那首一样美。 A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese

4、 poet.美国作家写的诗通常比中国作家写得难懂。二、倒装1、概述英语最基本的词序“主语+谓语动词（+ 宾语）”通常十分固定，但在一些句子中，由于语法、修辞、强调或句子结构上的需要，主语、谓语和宾语不是处于正常语序，而是把谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面，这种语序叫做倒装(inversion)。2、倒装的类型倒装可分为全部倒装和部分倒装。（1）全部倒装(complete inversion)全部倒装就是整个谓语部分放在主语之前。In front of the house stands a tree. 房前有一棵树。Here comes the bus.车来了。（2）部分倒装(partial i

5、nversion)部分倒装就是把谓语的一部分（通常是助动词、情态动词）放在主语之前。Never shall I forget the day.我永远忘不了这一天。Only in this way can we finish the work.只有这样，我们才能完成工作。3、语法倒装（1）在疑问句中Is breakfast ready yet? 早饭准备好了吗？Have you finished your homework? 你做完作业了吗？What are you doing ? 你在干什么？（2）在“there+ be”结构中There are some books on the desk.

6、桌子上有些课本。There will be a football match this afternoon.下午将有一场足球赛。（3）以表示“运动方向”的副词开头的倒装句为了使叙述或描绘更加生动，常将表示运动方向的副词 (如here，there，out，in，up，off，down，away，back等)放在句首，谓语动词为go，come，run，rush等表示位置转移的动词，主语为名词。用一般现在时或一般过去时。 Be quick! Here comes the bus. 快点汽车来了。There goes the bell.铃响了。Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了

7、出去。Away went the boy. 男孩走了。Now comes your turn. 现在该你了。注意：如主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。Here it is.它在这儿。Away he went.他走了。（4）省略了if的虚拟条件从句虚拟结构中的条件从句省if去时，这时were、had及should须移到主语前面，从而形成倒装。Were I in your position, I would go.要是我处在你的地位，我就去。Had it not been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the film so o

8、ften.如果不是票免费，我不会那么经常去看电影。Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.如果明天下雨的话，我得推迟去看扬浦大桥。（5）“so+be（have、助动词或情态动词）+主语” 句型把副词so放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或物）。She can swim. So can I.她会游泳，我也会。-I like swimming in winter.我喜欢冬泳。- So do I .我也是。In an earthquake, the earth shak

9、es. And so do you. 地震时，地球震动，你也会震动。Society has changed and so have the people in it.社会变了，人也跟着变了。比较：“so+主语+助动词”结构的用法如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思，表示同意对方的看法，意为“是的，确实”时，句子不用倒装语序。 -It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night.你太粗心了，把衣服整夜放在外边。-My God! So I did.天哪！还真是这样。-John won the first prize

10、 in the contest.约翰在音乐会上会的了一等奖。- So he did.确实如此。-David has made great progress recently.大卫最近进步很大。-So he has, and so have you.他确实进步很大，你也是。（6）“neither(nor)+be（have、助动词或情态动词）+主语” 句型把neither、nor、no more放在句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人（或物），需用倒装语序-Do you enjoy that trip?你旅途玩得高兴么？-Im afraid not. And neither did my cl

11、assmates. 恐怕我不高兴，我同学也是。After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.从那以后我再也没有看到她，也没收到他的来信。-Do you know Jim quarreled with his brothers?你知道基姆和他哥哥吵架的事吗？-I dont know, nor do I care. 我不知道，也不关心。The first one wasnt good and neither was the second.第一个不好，第二个也不好。I have never been abroad. Neith

12、er has he.我从未出过国，他也没出过国。（7）感叹句的倒装 How happy the children are!孩子们多幸福啊！（表语前置） What a lovely birthday present the old lady has received!这位老太太收到一份多好的生日礼物啊！（宾语前置）（8）以表示“地点”的介词短语开头的倒装句当句首为表示地点的介词短语时，为了保持句子结构的平衡，或为了使上下文衔接紧密时，常使用倒装结构。On the wall hang two large portraits. 墙上挂着两幅巨大的画像。Along the dusty road cam

13、e a group of tourists.沿着尘土飞扬的路来了一伙游人。 Outside the entrance stood two police officers with guns. 入口处外面站着两个带枪的警官。Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer. 大树底下坐着一个老农夫。（9）many a time和next等时间、次数或顺序的副词位于句首时要到装 Often did she come to my home in the past.她过去常到我家来。 Long did we wait before hearing from he

14、r.我们等了很久才收到她的来信。 Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone.我许多次看见她独自散步。（10）well, so, gladly等表示方式、程度的副词位于句首时常到装 Well do I remember the day I saw her first.我第一次见到她的那一天，我记忆犹新。 Gladly would I accept your proposal.我很高兴接受你的建议。（11）直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，有时也用倒装“I dont think so”, said Tom. 汤姆说：“我不这样认为。”“What

15、 has happened here?”，asked a policeman. 一名警察问：“这儿发生了什么事？”（12）however引导的让步状语从句however为连接副词，引导让步状语从句，其意义和作用相当于no matter how。however后面接形容词或副词，其基本结构为“however+形容词/副词+主语+谓语”。However cold it is, she always goes swimming.无论天气多么冷，她总是去游泳。Well have to finish the job, however long it takes.无论用多长时间，我们都得完成这个工作。4、

16、修辞倒装（1）“only+ 状语”放句首倒装句副词only所强调的方式状语、条件状语、地点状语、时间状语等位于句首时，引起部分倒装。Only after liberation did they begin to be treated as human beings.只有在解放后他们才开始被当人看待。Only by taking a taxi can you arrive on time. 只有打的你才能按时到达。 Only then did we realize that the man was blind.只在那时我们才意识到那人是个瞎子。 Only in this way can you

17、make progress in your English.只有这样你才能在英语方面取得进步。Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home.只有在1949年当战争结束时他才能回家。注意：only修饰主语时不用倒装的情况。如果only修饰的词不是作状语，而是作主语时，句子就不用倒装。Only his mother was invited.只有他的妈妈被邀请了。0nly some of the children passed the examination.只有几个孩子通过了考试。（2）连词as/though引导的让

18、步状语从句的倒装句这种状语从句的结构为“形容词/名词+as/though+主语+谓语”。在句首的如果是名词，不要带冠词;但如果名词前有形容词修饰，则常常带冠词。Clever as he is, he doesnt study well.他虽然聪明，但学习并不好。Old as he is, he is full of energy.他虽然年老，但精力充沛。Child as he was, he was very brave.尽管他是个孩子，但他非常勇敢。Poor though I am, I can afford beer.我虽穷，但还喝得起啤酒。Try as you may, you cant

19、 persuade him.尽管你很努力，你不可能说服他。（3）以否定词开头的倒装句为了强调句子中的否定状语，常将其置于句首，这时一般引起部分倒装。常见的含有否定意义的副词、连词或词组有：hardly, scarcely , barely, seldom, never, not, little, not only, not until, on no account(决不), in no way, nowhere, at no time, in no case, not on ones life, no sooner, by no means, under / in no circumstanc

20、es等。Never have I seen him before.以前我从未见过他。Not a single mistake did he make.他一个错误也未出。Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend.他不仅是我们的老师，而且是我们的朋友。By no means do I agree with you.我一点也不同意你。Little does he care about what others think. 他一点儿也不在乎别人怎么想。Nowhere else in the world can there be such

21、 a quiet, beautiful place. 世界上没有别的地方能像这样美，这样幽静。注意：否定词只否定主语或副词时就不用倒装Not a soul was anywhere visible. 到处见不到一个人。Hardly anybody believes that. 几乎没有人相信那件事。（4）so/suchthat引导的结果状语从句的倒装句 so/such位于句首修饰形容词或副词或名词表示强调时，主句要用倒装语序，后面通常接that引导的结果状语从句。So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it.那个湖水太浅了，里边没有鱼。S

22、uch was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.爆炸的力量太大了，把所有的窗户都震破了。So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs.他说话的声音那么大，楼上都听得见。（5）表语和状语放在句首，引起主语和谓语倒装句为了保持句子平衡，或使上下文紧密衔接时，常将表语和状语放在句首，引起主语和谓语倒装。On the ground lay an old sick goat, which had gone into the cave to die.地上躺着一只有病的老山羊

23、，它是到洞里来等死的。Gone are the days when we used foreign oil.我们用“洋油”的时代一去不复返了。（6）in ,out等副词放句首倒装句 为了生动地描写动作，in, out, away, up, down, off等副词可以放在句首倒装。 Away flew the bird！鸟扑地一声飞跑了！ Down went the small boat!小船沉没了！（7）在某些习惯用语中的倒装 How goes it with you ? 你好吗？ How came it that she knew the secret?他怎么会知道那个秘密的？ What

24、mattered it? 这有什么关系呢？ What care I?管我什么事？ What signifies it?这是什么意思？May you succeed! 祝你成功！（8）not it结构在否定回答中，not有时放在主语前面。“Will it rain?”Not it.”“会下雨吗？”“不会。”“Are you ready?” “Not I.”“你准备好了吗？”“我没有。” “I think you can come tomorrow.” “我想你明天能来。“ “Not we.” “我们来不了”巧学倒装句: 一、辨清结构 A位置副词there句，全为句子保平衡， neither,no

25、r,so也如此， 上述全部倒着行。B. 部分倒装要记清。位置副词主人称，only否定词放句首，让步、虚拟有感情。二、记牢引词 9N 2S 和only,还有little,hardly。9N:no,not,never,neither,nor,not until,not only but also,no soonerthan,no matter。2S:so,seldom。三、注意位置 only,NU主倒装，NB前句也一样，NM前后不用管，NN前后全倒装。only+状语从句和Not until+状语从句位于句首时，只有主句倒装，从句不倒装。Not onlybut also引导的并列句。当Not onl

26、y位于句首时，前一个分句倒装。No matter+状语从句，主句和从句的主语谓语均不倒装。三、点击考点1.Look,_. A.here the bus comes B.here is the bus coming C.here comes the bus D.here the bus is coming2.-Where is Kate? -Look,_.She is at the school gate. A.there she is B.there is she C.here you are D.here it is3.Which of the following sentences is

27、right? A.In the teacher came B.In did come the teacher C.In did the teacher D.In came the teacher4.Out_,with a stick in his hand. A.did he rush B.rushed he C.he rushed D.he did rush5._,he is honest. A.As he is poor B.Poor is he C.Poor as he is D.Poor as is he6._,he knows a lot of things. A.A child a

28、s he is B.Child as he is C.A child as is he D.Child as is he7._,you cant lift the heavy box up. A.Even youre strong B.Strong as you are C.How strong you are D.As youre strong8.So carelessly_that he almost killed himself. A.he was driving B.he drove C.has he driven D.did he drive9.Early in the day_th

29、e enemy were gone. A.the news came that B.came the news that C.did the news come that D.came the news which10.Only when you realize the importance of foreign langauges_them well. A.you can learn B.can you learn C.that you can learn D.and you can learn11.Only after liberation_to be treated as human b

30、eings. A.did they begin B.they began C.that they began D.had they begun12.Not only_to stay at home,but he was also forbidden to see his friends. A.that he was forced B.he was forced C.had he been forced D.was he forced13.Not until his father was out of prison_to school. A.that John could go B.John c

31、ouldnt go C.could John go D.John could go14.Never before_such a stupid man. A.I have seen B.I saw C.have I seen D.did I see15.Rarely_such a silly thing. A.have I heard of B.I have heard of C.I had heard of D.had I heard of16.Little_about his own health though he was very ill. A.he cared B.did he car

32、e C.has he cared D.he would care17.Seldom_him recently. A.I met B.I have met C.have I met D.I had met18.Hardly_down when stepped in. A.I sat B.I had sat C.did I sit D.had I sat19.No sooner_asleep_she heard a knock at the door. A.had she fallen;when B.had she fallen;than C.did she fall;than D.did she

33、 fall;when20.He did not see Smith._. A.Neither did I B.Nor didnt I C.Neither I did D.So didnt I21.-You ought to have given them some advice. -_,but who cared what I said. A.So ought I B.So I ought C.So I have D.So I did22.-It was hot yesterday. -_. A.It was so B.So was it C.So it was D.So it did23.S

34、hes passed the examination._. A.So did I B.So have I C.So I have D.So I did24.-You like football very much. -_. A.So do I B.I did so C.So I like D.So I do25.If you dont go,_. A.I wont go,too B.neither will I C.nor do I D.so dont I26.Not only_polluted but_crowded. (上海91)A.was the city;were the street

35、s B. the city was;were the streetsC.was the city; the streets were D. the city was; the streets were27.So_that no fish can live in it. (上海92)A.the lake is shallow B.shallow the lake is C.shallow is the lake D.is the lake shallow28.I finally get the job I dreamed about.Never in all my life_so happy.

36、(2000春季) A.did I feel B.I felt C.I had felt D.had I felt29.-Have a cup of tea,_? -Thank you. A.shall we B.wont you C.dont you D.havent you30.The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him,_? A.did they B.didnt they C.did it D.didnt it31. Only by practising a few hours every day _ be ab

37、le to master the language. A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you32. 0nly when the war was over in 1945 _ to get to a college education. A. he was able B. he is able C. was he able D. is he able33. Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted. A. didnt I realize B. did I realize C.

38、I didnt realize D. I realized34. Little _ about his own safety though he was in great danger himself. A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared35. Not until all the fish died in the river _ how serious the pollution was. A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized C. the vill

39、agers did realize D. didnt the villagers realize36.I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life _so happy. A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt37.Not until the early years of the 19th century _ what heat is. A. man did know B. man know C. didnt man know D. did man know3

40、8.Not only _ polluted but _ crowded. A. was the city; were the streets B. the city was; were the streets C. was the city; the streets were D. the city was; the streets were 39. _ got into the room _ the telephone rang. A. He hardly had; then B. Hardly had he; when C. He had not; than D. Not had he;

41、when40. _, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A. However late is he B. However he is lateC. However is he late D. However late he is答案：1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.D 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.D 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.C 23.B 24.D 25.B 26.C 27.C 28.D 29.B 30.D 31.D 32.C

42、33.B 34.B 35.A 36.D 37.D 38.D 39.B 40.D第二十三章 直接引语和间接引语一、概述引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法：直接引述别人的原话，这叫做直接引语(direct speech)。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语(indirect speech)。一般地讲，直接引语前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号，而用宾语从句来表达。Mr. Black said, “Im busy.”布菜克先生说：“我很忙”。（直接引语）Mr. Black said that he was busy.布菜克先生说他很忙。（宾语从句是间接引语）从上例看来，直接引语改为间接引语时,除将直接引语

43、改为宾语从句之外，还须对直接引语中的人称和时态进行相应的变化，如上例直接引语中的I改成了he, am则改成了was。现将由直接引语改为间接引语时应注意的问题,分述如下：二、直接引语是陈述句时直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省去），that从句之前用say、tell等动词，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。1、 人称的变化直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化，把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，your

44、s)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，人称不变。He said , “I like it very much.” 他说：“我非常喜欢它”。He said that he liked it very much. 他说他非常喜欢它。(I改为he, it不变)He said, “You told me this story.”他说：“你给我讲过这个故事。” He said that I had t

45、old him that story.他说我给他讲过那个故事。(You改为I, me改为him, told改为had told)He said to me, “Shes left her book in your room”.他对我说：“她把书放在你的房间里去了。”He told me that she had left her book in my room. 他对我说她把书放在我的房间里去了。（Shesshe had， her不变，yourmy）2、 时态的变化（1）主句的谓语动词是一般过去时直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过

46、去完成时过去完成时(不变)一般将来时过去将来时一般将来进行时过去将来进行时一般将来完成时过去将来完成时如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。直接引语改为间接引语时,动词时态相应变化表：He said, “I usually watch TV on Sunday.”他说：“我常在星期天看电视”。He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.他说他常在星期天看电视。He said, “Im using the knife.”他说：“我正在用小刀。”He said that he was using t

47、he knife.他说他正在用小刀。She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”她说：“自从五月份来我就没有收到他的来信。”She said that she had not heard from him since May. 她说自从五月份以来她就没收到他的来信。He said，“I came to help you.”他说：“我来帮助你。”He said that he had come to help me.他说他来帮助我。He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”他说：“晚

48、饭前我己做完了作业。”He said that he had finished his homework before supper.他说晚饭前他己做完了作业。Zhou Lan said, “Ill do it after class.”周兰说：“下课后我就去做。”Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.周兰说下课后她就去做。He said,“I shall be doing my homework then.”他说：“那时我将正在做作业。”He said that he should be doing his homework then.

49、他说那时他将正在做作业。He said, “We shall have finished the work by that time.”他说：“我们将在那时以前完成工作。”He said that they should have finished the work by that time.他说他们将在那时以前完成工作。注意：直接引语如果是客观真理、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。The teacher said, “The earth is round. ”老师说：“地球是圆的。” The teacher said that the earth

50、is round.老师说地球是圆的。He said, “I was born in Shangdong in 1965.” 他说: “我1965年生于山东。”He said that he was born in Shangdong in 1965. 他说他1965年生于山东。He said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.”他说：“哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。”He said Columbus discovered America in 1492.他说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。（2）主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将

51、来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变He says, “I finished the work.”他说：“我做完工作了。”He says that he finished the work. 他说他做完工作了。He will say, “I have watered the flowers.” 他会说：“我己经浇花了。”He will say he has watered the flowers. 他会说他己经浇花了。3、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化 见下表：直接引语间接引语指示代词this/thesethat/those时间状语nowthentodaythat daytoni

52、ghtthat nightthis week (month)that week (month)yesterdaythe day beforelast week (month)the week (month)beforetwo weeks (month)agotwo weeks (months)beforetomorrowthe next daynext week (month)the next week (month)地点状语herethere动 词comegobringtakeHe said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.”他说“我今天早晨见到史密斯了。”He

53、 said that he had met Mr. Smith that morning. 他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。He said, “We went to the cinema yesterday.” 他说：“我们昨天去电影院了。” He said they had gone to the cinema the day before. 他说前一天他们去电影院了。Lily said, “I will come back next month.” 莉莉说：“我下个月回来。”Lily said that she would go back the next month. 莉莉说她下一个月就回去

54、。He said, “It is nine oclock now.”他说：“现在九点了。”He said that it was nine oclock then.他说那时九点了。He said, “I havent seen her today.”他说：“今天我没见到她。”He said that he hadnt seen her that day .他说那天他没有见到她。She said, “I went there yesterday.”她说：“昨天我去了那儿。”She said that she had gone there the day before.她说前一天她去了那儿。She said, “Ill go there tomorrow.”她说：“明天我将去那儿。”She said that she would go there the next day.她说第二天她将去那儿。He said, “My sister was here three days ago.”他说：“三天前我妹妹在这儿。”He said that his sister had been the