资源勘查工程专业英语lesson23 folds

1、Lesson23 Folds（褶皱）Vocabulary：Folds Undulated bends波状弯曲 laminated strata成层状岩石 stratigraphy地层学defame诽谤 plastic deformation塑性变形 the surface of unconformity角度不整合 disconformity平行不整合 basement基底 vertical垂直的the continental Earths crust大陆地壳 Massive composition大块岩体 tension应力状态 endogenic processes 内营力作用 the di

2、slocation rocks岩石的变形 alternation互层 morphology形态 morphological形态学 the genetic classification成因分类 supplementary互补的 properties特征 the morphological classification形态学分类 the position of axial surface轴面产状 Symmetrical folds对称褶皱 asymmetrical folds不对称褶皱 inclined folds倾斜褶皱 overturned folds倒转褶皱 inverted folds翻转

3、褶皱 recumbent folds平卧褶皱 fan扇形 blunt钝的 normal fold正常褶皱 isoclinal folds等斜褶皱 fan-shaped folds 扇形褶皱 sharp folds尖棱褶皱 blunt folds钝状褶皱 coffer（box）folds箱状褶皱 thickness厚的 Limestone石灰岩 rockunit页岩 sandstone砂岩 supra tidal潮汐 sub在下面的 subsurface地下 Similar folds相似形褶皱 concentric folds同心状褶皱 anticlinal folds背斜形褶皱 syncli

4、nal folds向斜形褶皱 linear folds线状褶皱 brachy-formed fold短轴褶皱 dome-shaped fold穹窿状褶皱 folds of the oval shape椭圆形褶皱 the cross dimensions纵横维度 bowl-like folds似碗状褶皱elevated提起 through沟，槽 hinges枢纽 the axial line轴线 go round转动 periclinal closure穹窿状闭合 the core of the folds褶皱核部 Folds（第1段）1 Folds are defined as the und

5、ulated bends in the laminated strata of sedimentary , volcanogenic and metamorphic rocks formed in the course of （在期间）plastic deformations. 褶皱被定义为：沉积岩、火成岩、和变质岩的成层状岩层在塑性变形过程中形成的连续波状弯曲。Folds（第1段） The series of folds comprise what is referred to as（被称为）folding. 该系列的褶皱包括褶曲。（补充：褶曲可以是褶皱构造一部分，也可以是岩层的一个独立的弯

6、曲。）Folds（第1段）The bends which have the form of folds can also appear within the process of rock formation, as is the case with the structures enveloping the irregularities of the surfaces of unconformity, or during the movement of lavas in the process of their solidification. 有着褶皱形式的弯曲也可以在岩石形成的过程中出现，

7、包裹在不规则的不整合面周围也会出现这种弯曲，或者在熔岩活动中的冷凝过程也会出现。Folds（第2段）Rocks crumpled into folds are of the most various and are distributed over extremely vast territories. They are exposed on the surface in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, in the east of the Russia , in the Ukraine, the Caucasus and Elsewhere.变褶形成褶皱的岩石种类特别多，

8、并且他们分布在极其广大的范围。他们暴露在许多地方表面，比如亚洲中心哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯的东部、乌克兰、高加索等等。Folds（第2段） But even in those places where horizontally or inclined(倾斜的) bedded strata spread, their bed or foundation consists of rocks crumpled into folds.即使有些地层是水平或者倾斜延伸的，但他们由岩石组成的岩床或者基岩变褶形成褶皱。Folds(第3段)Hence, the folded forms of bedding in t

9、he continental Earths crust are distributed almost everywhere.因此，大陆地壳基底的折叠形式到处都有分布。Folds（第4段）There is every reason to say that folding is the result of plastic deformations of rocks and is developed only in laminated strata.这里的每一个原因都能表明：褶皱是岩石塑性变形的结果并且只发育在层状地层中。Folds（第4段）In the rocks characterized by

10、 massive composition (e. g. intrusive rocks) folds are not formed, and plasticdeformations find their expression（表现） in the other forms.在以大块岩体（比如侵入岩）为特征的岩石中不会形成褶皱，并且塑性变形会以其他的形式表现。Folds(第5段)Plastic deformations, causing the bending of the layers into folds, reflect the tensions in the earths crust, c

11、onditioned mainly by endogenic processes, the most important of which is tectonic movement.（从句带从句）导致地层弯曲变成褶皱的塑性变形，能反映地壳的应力状态。应力状态主要受内营力作用的限制，最重要的内营力作用是构造运动。 Folds(第5段)The process of folding itself can hardly be imagined without the dislocation rocks. This is promoted by the lamination（层压） surfaces t

12、hat make it possible for the layers to be dislocated（移位的） in the course of bending and create a regular arrangement of folds with the alternation of the bendings directed oppositely（相对地）.没有岩石的变形（位），褶皱过程是很难被人们想象的。通过岩层层面使得岩层弯曲过程中产生移位和产生一组规则排列的并且方向相对交替出现的褶褶变得可能，这种变化促进了（人们）的认识。Folds（第6段）The classificati

13、on of folds is based on various principles. It can rest（依赖，依靠） either on the form of folds or their origin. The classification in which the folds are divided according to their form is called morphological; 褶皱的分类是基于各种准则。它要么依靠褶皱的形式分类，要么依靠它的来源（起因）分类。根据它的形式分类的方法叫形态学；Folds（第6段）The classification, reflec

14、ting the conditions in which folds are formed ,in referred to as genetic. The morphological and the genetic classifications consider various properties of folds and, hence,are supplementary to each other than otherwise（此处为adj.别的，另外的。）.反映褶皱形成条件（成因）的分类就是之前提到的成因学。形态分类和成因分类充分考虑到褶皱的各种特征，因此，比起别的分类方法更能相互补充

15、。Folds(第7段)The morphological classification presupposes the division of folds according to a number of features. According to the position of axial surface ,the kinds of folds are symmetrical folds asymmetrical folds, inclined folds, overturned folds ,recumbent folds.形态分类意味着根据大量的形态特征将褶皱分开。根据轴面产状分类划分

16、，褶皱的种类可以分为：对称褶皱、不对称褶皱、倾斜褶皱、倒转褶皱、平卧褶皱。Folds(第7段)According to the relationship between the limbs,the following types of folds will be divided by normal folds, isoclinal folds and fan-shaped folds. In accordance with the form of curve(弧线), folds are distinguished by sharp folds, blunt folds, coffer (bo

17、x) folds.根据两翼的关系，可以将褶皱分为正常褶皱、等斜褶皱、扇形褶皱。依照弧线的形式，褶皱可以分为尖棱褶皱、钝状褶皱、箱状褶皱。Folds（第7段）According to the degrees of thickness of the layers on limbs and in roofs, the following types of folds are singled out by similar folds, concentric folds,anticlinal folds ( supratenuous folds) and synclinal folds.根据在褶皱两翼和

18、顶部的岩层厚度程度，褶皱类型可以分为如下几类：相似形褶皱、同心状褶皱、背斜形褶皱（顶薄形褶皱）、向斜形褶皱。Folds（第8段）According to the ratio（比率） of the long axis of fold (length) to its short axis (width), folds and known to be either linear fold, brachy-formed fold or dome-shaped fold.根据褶曲的长轴与它的短轴的比率，褶皱要么分为线状褶皱、短轴褶皱或者穹窿（构造）形褶皱。Folds（第9段）Linear folds a

19、re those with which the ratio of the length and the width is greater than 3.Folds of the oval shape with which the said ratio is smaller than 3 are called brachy - morphic ( brachy anticlines and brachy synclines ).线状褶皱是长宽比（率）大于3。比率小于3的椭圆形褶皱叫做短轴褶皱。Folds（第9段）In the case when the cross dimensions are

20、approximately the same , folds are called dome-shaped, while the synclinal folds of this type arereferred to as bowl-like folds or troughs.在当纵横维度大致相等的情况下，褶皱被叫做穹窿构造，而这种类型的向斜褶曲是指碗形褶曲或槽形褶曲。Folds（第10段）The position of the folds in the Earths crust is greatly influenced by their hinges.On the Earths surfa

21、ce, when hinges of fold are parallel, the limbs are parallel to the axial line. In those places where hinge of fold is either pitched（有坡度的） or elevated（升高的）,the layers go around the axial line;地壳中褶曲的地位受它枢纽的影响很大。在地表，当褶曲的枢纽是平行的，那么它的两翼平行于褶 曲轴线。在褶曲的枢纽下倾或上倾的地方，地层可以绕轴线旋转；Folds(第10段)the parts of the anticl

22、inal folds, on which the hinge of fold is inclined,are called the periclinal closure.The layers on these parts of the territory dip in the direction departing from the core of the fold.在褶皱中褶曲枢纽已经倾斜的背斜形褶皱被称做在穹窿构造闭合。这些地层分布在远离褶曲的核部方向范围上。Folds（第10段）In synclinal folds the parts of the folds characterized

23、 by an inclined hinge of fold are called centroclinal closure.In this case the layers going around the fold axis are inclined towards（prep.） its core.在由一系列倾斜枢纽为特征的向斜形褶皱组成同心向斜构造闭合。在这种情况下，围绕褶曲的轴延伸的地层是向核部倾斜的。Folds（第11段）In the rocks that have undergone intensive regional metamorphism and that have been

24、transformed into schists and gneisses, it is not infrequent that we can find folds,the bends of which are situated vertically.The angles of dip of the layers on the limbs of these folds are usually either steep or equal to 90.在那些已经经历强烈区域变质作用和那些已经变成片岩和片麻岩的岩石，我们找到褶皱是很容易的，它们的弯曲程度几乎达到垂直。这些褶皱两翼上的地层角度通常不是

25、很陡就是近90 Folds（第12段）The process involving the emergence and the development of folds in the Earths crust is highly complicated and varied.At present, by far not all the aspects of this process have been made clear and it is only tentatively that we can speak of what lies behind the process of folding

26、,地壳褶皱的产生和发展进程是极其复杂和多变的。现在，到目前为止不是所有的进程因素（方面）都弄清楚了，我们只能实验性地谈及褶皱进程背后的假象，Folds（第12段）adducing for this purpose the phenomena that we already know and that are connected with the deformations of rocks,or going by the facts pertaining to the historical development of the Earths crust.上述实验性假象提供用于我们已知现象和岩石变

27、形相关的现象的目的，或者用于判断地壳发展历史相关的事实。Folds(第13段)It should be pointed out that until recently a large number of those associated with the research into the problems of folding have tried to find the solution that would be universal and at the same time could furnish an uequivocal explanation of the origin of

28、various forms of folds.应该指出大量的和褶皱相关的问题的研究，它试图去找到一个普遍适用的解决方法。与此同时也能够给出各种褶皱形式的起因的明确解释。Folds(第13段)Even in those scientific works where a number of factors were acknowledged to have been responsible for the formation of folds,one basic factor was recognized as the predominant one with all others conside

29、red subservient.甚至科学工作中认识到有大量的因素影响褶皱的形成，一个基本因素被视为主要因素，而另外的因素被视为次要因素。jibenFolds(第13段)However,the experience accumulated in the couse of geological quests has provided a sufficient amount of evidence that the processesof folding are manifold and can hardly be related to one particular factor;然而，在研究地质问题的过程中积累的经验提供了大量的证据：证明褶皱的进程是缓慢的（微量积累），几乎不与某（任）一个（特别的）因素相关。Folds(第13段)they reflect various aspects in the development of the Earths crust and function within a wide range of intensity,both in time and s