隐球菌性脑膜炎抗真菌治疗ppt课件

1、Antifungal Treatment for Cryptococcal MeningitisLi-Ping Zhu, Xin-Hua WengHuashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai ChinaChallenge for Cryptococcal MeningitisnCryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of fungal meningitis in HIV and non-HIV-infected patientsnFound in 7%-10% patients with AIDS

2、nRemain high mortality rate (10%-44%), especially in immunocompromised patientsCase StudyPresent HistorynA 46-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of fevers and headache for over 2 monthsnLumbar puncture showed a WBC count of 58106/L with 0.94 monocytes, protein was 176mg/dL, and glucos

3、e was 1.5mmol/LnFailed for treating with broad spectrum antibiotics including ceftazidime, levofloxacin, etc.nHis temperature continued to climb up to 39C, and his headache developed into an intolerable one. He was then transferred to our hospitalLab ExaminationsnCSF: WBC28106/L，multinucleated cells

4、 15/28，monocytes 13/28，protein 1169mg/L，glucose1.3mmol/LnCSF smear for fungi was negativenCSF culture was positive for Cryptococcus neoformansnCSF cryptococcal antigen titres 1:160Cranial MRIPast History of Hepatitis BnIn 2002 he was diagnosed with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis, presenting wit

5、h fatigue, anorexia and bloatingnHBVM: HBsAg(+), HBeAg(+), HBcAB(+)nHBV DNA was 2.2107 copies/mLPast History of Hepatitis BnHe took Lamivudine 100mg/d，and witnessed a reduction of viral load to 3.8103 copies/mL. 15 months later he developed YMDD mutation and viral load rebounded to 1.0107copies/mLnS

6、ince then he had several episodes of jaundice, liver enzyme elevation, ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Symptoms were relieved each time after anti-infective and supportive therapynHBV DNA was 6.19108 copies/mL in July 2005. Adefovir 10mg/d was added to lamivudineLiver CTHow can I init

7、ially treat this patient?nAmBnL-AmBnFluconazolenItraconazolenPosaconazolenFlucytosine RoadmapnClinical studies in the pre-HIV EranClinical studies in the AIDS EranRecent studies for cryptococcal meningitisClinical studies in the pre-HIV EraAmBnPrior to the availability of AmB, cryptococcal meningiti

8、s was considered to be uniformly fatalnWhen AmB became available in the late 1950s, it became the drug of choice for crypotococcal meningitis with success rates of up to 60%nSuccessful therapy was often limited by severe nephrotoxicity, electrolyte abnormalities, and infusion-related adverse eventsL

9、andmark therapy nTwo major randomized clinical trials addressing the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis were conducted in the late 1970s and mid- 1980snEstablishing the “gold standard to which every subsequent regimen has been compared The first milestone clinical trialnAmB (0.4 mg/kg.d) vs. AmB (

10、0.3 mg/kg.d) and 5-FCn27 treated with AmB alone for 10wks n 24 with a combination of AmB and 5-FC for only 6wksnCombination more effectiven Cure/improved (66% vs 41%)n Relapses (5% vs 18%) n Sterilization of CSF: rapidn Nephrotoxicity: decreased n -Bennett et al. N Engl J Med. 1979. 301: 126 The sec

11、ond large randomized trialnAmB (0.3mg/kg.d) + 5-FC for 4 vs. 6wks n91 patients met criteria for randomization to either discontinuing therapy at 4 wks. or continuing therapy for 2 additional wksnBetter efficacy for 6wks.n Cure/improved: higher 6 wks. (85% vs. 75%)n Relapses: lower for 6 wks. (16% vs

12、. 27%)n -Dismukes et al. N Engl J Med. 1987. 317:334Clinical studies in the AIDS Era The first large randomized trialnAmB (0.4-0.5 mg/kg.d) vs. Fluconazole(400 mg/d) for 10 weeksnBetter efficacy for AmBn Success (40% vs. 34%) and overall mortality rate same (14% vs. 18%)n Higher mortality rate at 2

13、wks in Fluconazole patients (15% vs. 8%)n More rapid sterilization of CSF in the AmB recipientsn -Saag et al. N Engl J Med. 1992. 326: 83The second randomized, double-blinded studynAmB (0.7mg/kg.d) 5-FC (100mg/kg.d) for 2 wksn followed by fluconazole (400mg/kg) or itraconazole (400mg/d) for 8 wks. n

14、381 patients received AmB 0.7 mg/kg/d for the first 2 weeks plus either 5-FC 100 mg/kg/d (202 patients) or placebo (179 patients)nAt 2 wks, mortality 5.5% nAt 10 wks, mortality 3.9% (no difference) and rapid sterilization of CSF with fluconazolen -Van der Horst et al. N Engl J Med. 1997. 337: 15 Mai

15、ntenance therapy in AIDS patientnAmB (1.0mg/kg.wk) vs. fluconazole (200mg/d) for 12 mos. n Relapse rate 19% vs. 2%n Serious drug-related events more frequent in AmB patientsn -Powderly et al. N Engl J Med. 1992.326:793nFluconazole (200mg/d) vs. itraconazole (200mg/d) for 12 mos.n Relapse rate 4% vs.

16、 23%n -Saag et al. Clin Infect Dis.1999. 28: 297 The treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDSnInductionn AmB + 5-FC for two wks.nConsolidationn High dose fluconazole (400 mg/d for normal hepatic and renal function) can be initiatednMaintenancen At the completion of 8 weeks, flucona

17、zole (200 mg/d) can be continued for long-term chronic suppressionThe treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-negative patientsRecent studiesUpdate on maintenance If the patient has an excellent response to HAART, then discontinuation of maintenance therapy can be consideredAsymptomaticRespondin

18、g to HAART with a sustained increase in their CD4+ T lymphocytes for more than a year to greater than 100 cells/L (and greater than 10 percent CD4)These patients should be monitored closely, and fluconazole maintenance reinstituted if the CD4 count falls below 100 cells/L (and below 10 percent CD4 c

19、ells)Mussini et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2004. 38: 565 Cryptococcal IRIS in AIDS patientsnTreatment with HAART during antifungal therapy can cause cryptococcal IRIS (Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome) n Increased CSF OP, increased CSF glucose levels and WBCnantiretroviral drug-nave patientsnHA

20、ART in close proximity to OI diagnosis nRapid decline in HIV RNA levelsn-Shelburne et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005. 40: 1049.n -Shelburne et al. AIDS. 2005. 19 : 399.Cryptococcal IRIS in AIDS patientsn30% of patients with cryptococcosis have IRIS nIRIS commonly occurs within the first 1 to 2 months aft

21、er starting HAARTnAfter starting antifungal therapy for cryptococcal diseases, an 8- to 10-week delay in initiating HAART is generally recommended to reduce the complexities of dealing with IRISn n -Shelburne et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005. 40: 1049Cryptococcosis/Immune Syndrome Inflammatory Reconstit

22、ution/Organ TransplantnIRIS 5.5% (3/54) nWorsening symptoms despite negative cultures nEtiology: effective antifungal treatment and/or cessation of immunosuppresive therapy (tacrolimus, mycophenolate, prednisone)nTemporal association of graft loss Singh et al Clin Infect Dis. 2005. 40: 1756 Singh et

23、 al Transplantation. 2005. 80: 1131 Fluconazole as first-line therapy?nIn a South African trial, 27 patients with cryptococcal meningitis were treated with fluconazole as first-line therapynTwo-thirds of the patients had a clinical relapse associated with positive culturesnThe majority of these isol

24、ates had reduced susceptibility to fluconazolenDespite the subsequent administration of AmB therapy, mortality was high Retrospective study in non-AIDS patientsn306 non-HIV-infected patiens with cryptococcosis, among whom 157 patients had CNS diseasen90% of patients receiving an AmB-containing regim

25、en as initial therpaynThe median duration of therapy with AmB was 27 days in this population, and about two thirds also received 5-FC for a median time of 31 daysnThe total amount of AmB given as antifungal therapy was approximately 800 mg, and the total daily dose of 5-FC was approximately 100 mg/k

26、gnFluconazole was given as initial therapy at doses of 400 to 800 mg in only a few patientsnFluconazole was given in two thirds of patients following a successful induction regimen containing AmBnThese patients received fluconazole at a median dose of 400 mg for a median duration of 10 weeksnOther i

27、nitial regimens were uncommon and could not be adequately assessedn n Pappas et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2001. 33: 690AmB lipid formulationsnLiposomal AmB the same effective as AmBnLess toxic than AmB nCSF culture conversion significantly earlier than did patients given AmB n -Leenders et al. AIDS. 1997

28、. 11: 1463 n -Hamill et al. 1999. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, Abstract 1161 AmB lipid complexnThe use of AmB lipid complex has been studied in both HIV-positive and negative patients with CNS cryptococcosis n -Sharkey et al. Clin Infect Dis. 1996. 22:315n -Baddour et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005. 40: S4

29、09nCompared with AmB, AmB lipid complex produces higher clinical response rates (86% vs. 65%) and less toxicityn -Sharkey et al. Clin Infect Dis. 1996. 22:315 Collaborative Exchange of Antifungal Research (CLEAR) studyn83 patients with CNS cryptococcosisn65% for those with CNS disease n56% for those

30、 whose disease was refractory to prior antifungal therapy n-Baddour et al. Clin Infect. Dis. 2005. 40: S409Lipid formulations of AmB to be effective and less toxicnTo be particularly useful for patients developing significant infusional toxicities or renal failure on conventional AmB therapyOther ne

31、w antifungal drugs Voriconazole n18 patients with both cryptococcal meningitis and AIDSnResponse rate 39%7/18n10 out of the 11 patients that did not respond were stablenSurvival rate at 3 months 90%n -Perfect et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2003. 36: 1122PosaconazolenAn open-label international multicenter

32、clinical trialn29 patients with cryptococcal meningitis received posaconazole oral suspension 800mg/dnMost patients were refractory to prior therapy of conventional AmB, AmB lipid formulations or fluconazole therapynResponse rate 48%14/29nMay be suitable as consolidation or maintenance therapy for c

33、ryptococcal meningitisn -Pitisuttithum et al. J Aantimicrob Chemother. 2005. 56: 745Role of Combination Therapy nRandomized controlled trial of initial combination antifungal therapies for treatment of cryptococcal meningitisn64 patients enrolled (2-3 per week) n4 arms: initial 2 weeks: n AmB alone (0.7 mg/kg/d)n AmB + 5-FC (100 mg/kg/d)n AmB + fluconazole (40