国际贸易理论与实务9

1、Chapter 8Major terms in the description of goodsQuantity When the buyer is interested in the goods, he will negotiate with the seller and indicate how many products he is going to order.Definition：Quantity of commodity refers to the calculation of weight, number, length, area, volume or capacity of

2、the goods.Different products applied different measurement unitsBy weight By length By number By capacity By area Different countries adopt different systems of quantity measurement. The Metric System, British System, U.S. System and the International System of Units are generally used in internatio

3、nal trade nowadays. Metric SystemBritish SystemU.S. SystemInternational System The quantities of many commodities are calculated by weight, such as Gross Weight, Net Weight, Conditional Weight, Theoretical Weight, etc. 1.Gross weight refers to the weight of the cargo itself plus the tare, i.e., the

4、weight of the cargo plus the weight of the packing material.2.Net weight means the weight of the product itself. The tare is not included. For example, an electronic fan weights 2.5 kg itself. Now it is packed with a heavy plastic bag (0.2 kg) and a carton (0.8 kg). Then the gross weight for it shou

5、ld be _, and net weight is _.3.5 kg2.5 kgGross weight by actual tareGross weight by average tareGross weight by customary tare Gross weight by computed tare Gross weight = Net weight + Tare weight To weight the package for whole consignment To weight the package for one product, then multiply with t

6、he number of goods. No need to weight, as it is standardized and known by all.No need to weight, as it is negotiated by two sides.3.Conditioned Weight 公量Commodities like raw silk, wool, cotton etc are readily absorbing moisture, moisture content (含水量) of which is greatly affected by natural environm

7、ent. Conditioned weight = dried weight + standard moisture contentDefinition: Conditioned weight refers to the actual weight the weight of the commodities derived from such a process through which the moisture content of the commodity is removed by scientific means ) plus the standardized moisture c

8、ontent.Actual moistureStandard moisture4.Theoretical Weight 理论重量Commodities such as galvanized iron and steel plate have regular specifications, regular size, so the weight of each unit is stable. We can get the total weight by multiplying the total number with the weight of each unit. Theoretical w

9、eight = unit weight total number of goods Definition: Theoretical weight refers to practice to calculate the weight for the whole consignment with the unit weight, which is standardized, and the total number of the goods.number=Some products, unit value of which is comparatively lower (such as rice

10、kept in a sack) can be weighted only when they are packed. In this case, the “gross weight” is used as basis for deciding the price and the weight of the trade goods. It is thus called “gross for net”. Gross for net 以毛作净Rice Gross weight = Net weight WeightMetric SystemMetric ton Kilogram GramBritis

11、h SystemLong ton Pound OunceAmerican SystemShort ton Pound OunceCommodities such as agricultural products and by-products, mineral products and manufactured products are all measured by weight. Metrical units which are used to show weight include gram, kilogram, metric ton, long ton, short ton, poun

12、d, ounce etc. Measurement unitsConversion: 1 pound=0.4536 kilogram1 metric ton=0.9842 long ton=1.1023 short ton1 long=1.0161 metric ton=1.12 short ton1 short ton=0.9072 metric ton=0.8929 long ton10 pound= _ kilogram 5 kilogram = _ pound 1000 M/T = _ Long ton 200 Long ton = _ M/T500 M/T = _ Short ton

13、200 Short ton = _ M/TExercise4.5411.02984.2203.21551.15181.44Length Metric SystemKilometer Meter Decimeter Centimeter Millimeter British System Mile Yard Feet Inch American SystemLength is used to measure commodities such as silk, textile products. Metrical units which are used to show length includ

14、e kilometer, meter, centimeter, etc, in metric system, while in British and US systems, mile, yard, foot, and inch are used. Measurement unitsConversion: 1 centimeter = 0.3937 inch1 meter = 1.0936 yard = 3.2808 feet1 kilometer = 0.6214 mile1 yard =3 feet =36 inches = 0.9144 meter1 mile=1760 yards =

15、1.609 kilometer100 meter= _ yard3000 yard = _ meter450 meter = _ feet700 feet = _ meter500 kilometer = _ mile 1000 mile = _ kilometerExercise109.362743.231476.36213.36310.71609.27AreaMetric SystemSquare kilometer Square meterSquare centimeter British SystemSquare mileSquare yardSquare feetAmerican S

16、ystemArea is often used for glass plate; carpet; plastics such as plastic floorboards etc. Metrical units which are used to show area include square yard, square meter, square foot, square inch, etc.Measurement units1 sq.meter= _ sq.yard= _ sq.feet600 sq.feet = _ sq.meterExercise1.2010.7655.74Conver

17、sion:1 square inch =6.45 sq.centimeters 1 square feet =144 sq.in. =9.29 sq.decimeters 1 square yard =9 sq.ft. =0.836 sq.meter Common units for quantity measurementMeasure the quantity by number Commodities such as manufactured goods, particularly the daily-consuming goods, light industrial products,

18、 mechanical products and some local products are often measured by number. Metrical units which are used to show number include: piece, pair, set/copy, dozen, lock/roll, sack, case, barrel, bundle etc.Measurement units The basic contents of the quantity clause consist of the quantity of the trade co

19、mmodities to be delivered and the measurement units to be used. 1. Quantity clause must be explicit and specific The contractors are usually required to state clearly the quantity of the deal in a contract, expressions like about, approximately should not be allowed. 2. Stipulate reasonable quantity

20、 latitude In practice, there is often a More or Less clause in the contract. This is used because quite often the shipment is over-delivered or under-delivered, esp. for the trading of bulk goods. Quantity clauseMore or less clause for quantity If there is a “more or less” clause in the contract, it

21、 is necessary to state clearly who has the option to decide the quantity latitude, the buyer or the seller and the specific latitude. In practice, the “more or less” clause is usually at sellers option. But when shipment is arranged by the buyer, the buyer can have the option to decide the quantity latitude. Considering that usually the captain of the vessel has a better knowledge of the capacity of the vessel, the quantity latitude can also be at the captain option or at carriers option. That is to empower the carrier to decide the more or less when shipment is done, in the hope that