经济学十大原理作业题

1、复习题1，列举3个你生活中要面对的重要的权衡取舍。2，看一场电影的机会成本是什么？3，水是生活必需品，一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢？4，为什么决策者应该考虑激励？5， 为什么国家之间的贸易，不同于必然有输有赢的比赛竞技？6，市场中，“看不见的手”起什么作用？7，解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并分别给出实例8，为何生产率是重要的？9，什么是通货膨胀？由什么引起的？10， 短期内通货膨胀和失业之间的关联如何？应用题：1，describle some of the tradeoffs faced by following （描述下列情景所面临的一些权衡取舍）:a, a family deciding

2、whether to buy a new car (一个家庭决定是否买辆新车）。答案：可能的权衡取舍是：家庭减少一次度假，少买一些衣服，少买一些股票等。b, a member of Congress deciding how much to spend on national parks （国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少）答案：可能的权衡取舍：减少军火购买，减少政府转移支付等。c, a company deciding whether to open a new factory(公司总裁决定是否新建工厂）。答案：可能的权衡取舍：减少对现有工厂的能力提升改造，减少对工人增加工资的激励等。d, a

3、 professor deciding how much to prepare for class（一个教授决定用多少时间备课）。答案：可能的权衡取舍：减少演讲稿的准备时间，减少新课题的研究时间等。2，you are trying to dicide whether to take a vacation, most of the costs of the vacation (airfare,hotel,forgonewages)are measured in dollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. how can

4、 you compare the benefits to costs? (你在计划度假，度假的成本可以用美元衡量，如机票、旅馆费等，但是你的度假收益却是心理上的，如何比较收益成本？答案：这种收益成本比较不是很容易。但是，毕竟还有两种方法来比较。第一，如果你不去度假，那么这笔钱你用来干什么，是办健身年卡？那么你可以比较，你更喜欢是健身还是度假。第二，计算一下，你需要工作多长时间才能挣够你度假的钱，而这段工作期间的心理成本比上度假的心理收益如何？-说到底，是机会成本比较。3，you were planning to spend your Saturday at your part-time job

5、, but a friend asks you to go to skiing, what is the true cost of the skiing? Now suppose that you had been planning spend the day studying at the library, then what is the cost in this case? explain. （你本计划周六去做小时工，但是一个朋友邀请你去滑雪，那么滑雪的机会成本是什么？假设你本计划周六去图书馆看书，那么这次滑雪的机会成本又是什么？）答案：如果本计划去打工，那么这次滑雪的机会成本就是滑雪费

6、用（金钱费用）和少挣得打工收入（时间费用）。如果你计划去图书馆读书，则这次滑雪的机会成本是滑雪费用（金钱费用）和低的考试成绩（时间费用）。4，you win $100 in a basket pool, you have a choice between spending the money now or putting it away in a bank account that pays 5 percent interest. what is the opportunity cost of spending the$100 now? （你赌篮球赛赢了100美元，你有两中选择，现在花掉100

7、美元或存入5%年息的银行账户。如果你现在花掉100美元，则其机会成本是什么？）答案：机会成本就是一年后的$105. 这就牵涉到货币的时间价值，是金融学的研究课题。5，the company that you manage has invested $5 million in developing a new product, but the development is quite not finished. at a recent meeing, your salespeople report that the introduction of competing products has r

8、educed the expected sales of your new product to $3 million, if itwouldcost $1 million to finish the developmentand make the product, should you go ahead or do so? what is the most you should pay tocomplete development? (公司已投资5百万美元开发新产品，但是还没有完成开发。最近市场上出现了竞争产品，所以该新产品的盈利预期只有3百万美元。再投入1百万美元就可完成该新产品的开发生产

9、。公司应该继续投入吗？最多投入多少？答案：选项一：不投入，则损失5百万美元。 选项二：投入1百万，则损失5+1-3=3百万美元。很明显应该继续投入1百万美元。 损失计算：5+x-35, x3 .即只要后续投入不超过3百万，都能止损。6， Three managers of the Magic Potion Company are discussing a possible increase in production. Each suggest a way to make this decision.魔剂制药公司的三位经理正在讨论是否提高产量的问题。每个经理都提出了一个判断指标。 Harry:

10、 we should examine whether our companys productivity -gallons of portion per worker-would rise or fall.哈里：看看提高产量后，每个工人的产量是否增加。 Ron: we should examine whether our average cost-cost per worker-would rise or fall.罗恩：我们应该检查，提高产量是否有利用降低人工成本。 Hermione: we should examine the extra revenue from selling the

11、additional potion would be greater or smaller than the extra costs. 郝缪恩：我们应该检查多卖一服药的收益和成本孰大孰小。who do you think is right? why? 谁说的对？为何？答案：郝缪恩说的对。公司的目标是效益，效益就是收益减成本。决定增产与否，就是看边际收益与边际成本孰大孰小。7，The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to

12、 work and earn some income, the amount he or she receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduced. 社保体系为每位65岁以上社会成员提供一笔补助，当65岁以上的人为了多挣钱决定继续工作，他（她）得到的社保补助将减少。a. How does the provision of Social Security affect peoples incentive to save while working? 社保补助如何影响在职人员的储蓄意愿。b. How does the reducti

13、on in benefits associated with higher earnings affect peoples incentive to work past age 65? 社保补助随着收入增加而减少，这将如何影响65岁以上人员的工作意愿。答案: a, 降低了在职人员的储蓄意愿，因为当他退休后，不用全靠自己储蓄消费。 b, 降低了65岁以上人员的工作意愿。8，A recent bill reforming the governments antipoverty programs limited many welfare recipients to only two years of

14、 benefits.最近出台的新的反贫穷计划，规定受救济者的被救济时间仅限于2年。a. How does this change affect the incentives for working? 这项改变如何影响人的工作意愿。b. How might this change represent a tradeoff between equity and efficiency?这项变更如何表明了公平和效率之间的权衡取舍？答案：a, 强化了人们的工作意愿。促使人不能一直躺在政府救济上。 b, 采取这种政策后，如果需要救济的人2年后仍然没有找到工作，那么他将没有收入，所以加大了社会不平等。但是由

15、于强化了人们工作欲望，所以整个经济将更有效率。这项改革，增加了效率，减少了平等。9，Your roommate is a better cook than you are, but you can clean more quickly than your roommate can. If your roommate did all of the cooking and you did all of the cleaning, would your chores take you more or less time than if you divided each task evenly? Gi

16、ve a similar example of how specialization and trade can make two countries both better off.你的合租室友善厨艺，你善保洁，如果你的室友专事厨艺，而你专事保洁，和各人做各人的厨艺和保洁比，家务事耗费了更多时间还是更少时间？给出一个类似的例子，专业化和贸易使两个国家都受益。答案：专职分工，将耗用更少时间。中国有做鞋子衣服的优势，美国有做飞机的优势-10，Suppose the United States adopted central planning for its economy, and you be

17、came the chief planner. Among the millions of decisions that you need to make for next year are how many compact discs to produce, what artists to record, and who should receive the discs. 假设美国采用了计划经济体制，而你是美国经济计划总长。林林总总的计划中，其中有一项计划需要你完成：明年生产多少CD，哪个艺术家来灌制CD，谁接收这些CD。a. To make these decisions intellig

18、ently, what information would you need about the compact disc industry? What information would you need about each of the people in the United States? 为了合理的决策，你需要CD行业的哪些信息资料？你需要美国民众的哪些信息资料？b. How would your decisions about CDs affect some of your other decisions, such as how many CD players to make

19、or cassette tapes to produce? How might some of your other decisions about the economy change your views about CDs? 关于CD生产的决定如何影响其它产品生产决定？其它行业生产的决定如何影响CD生产？答案：a, 需要海量信息。需要知道CD行业的技术成本。同时你需要知道美国民众的不同音乐喜好。 b, 当决定CD生产数量和品种后，这个决定影响其它产品的生产数量和品种，如CD播放机。当其它行业生产数量和品种决定后，也影响CD的生产，如塑料的产量和品种，影响CD生产。总之，中央计划经济是很艰

20、巨的和极易出错的“计划”。11. Explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern about equity or a concern about efficiency. In the case of efficiency, discuss the type of market failure involved. 解释以下政府行为是由于关注平等驱使，还是关注效率驱使。如果是关注效率驱使，讨论是哪种类型市场失灵导致政府介入。a. regulating cable-TV pri

21、ces 有线电视政府定价b. providing some poor people with vouchers that can be used to buy food 给穷人提供食品券c. prohibiting smoking in public places 公共场所禁烟d. breaking up Standard Oil (which once owned 90 percent of all oil refineries) into several smaller companies 分解标准石油公司（曾经拥有90%炼油能力）e. imposing higher personal i

22、ncome tax rates on people with higher incomes 对高收入人群征收高的个人所得税f. instituting laws against driving while intoxicated颁布禁止醉酒开车法律答案：a, 关注效率驱使。市场势力导致市场失灵。b, 关注平等驱使。c, 关注效率驱使。负的外部性导致市场失灵。d, 关注效率驱使。市场势力导致市场失灵。e, 关注平等驱使。f, 关注效率。负的外部性导致市场失灵。12. Discuss each of the following statements from the standpoints of

23、equity and efficiency.a. “Everyone in society should be guaranteed the best health care possible.”b. “When workers are laid off, they should be able to collect unemployment benefits until they find a new job.”13. In what ways is your standard of living different from that of your parents or grandpar

24、ents when they were your age? Why have these changes occurred? 你现在的生活水平和你父母及祖父母在你这个年龄时的生活水平在哪些方面不同？为何会发生这些改变？答案：生活水平提高了。主要得益于生产率的提高。14. Suppose Americans decide to save more of their incomes. If banks lend this extra saving to businesses, which use the funds to build new factories, how mightthis lea

25、d to faster growth in productivity? Who do you suppose benefits from the higher productivity? Is society getting a free lunch? 假定美国人增加储蓄，如果银行将这些增加的储蓄贷给商人去建造新工厂，这将如何导致生产率提高？谁从劳动生产率提高中受益？社会正在得到“免费的午餐”？答案：社会总劳动量没变，投资建立的设备厂房，将会使整个社会产出增加（按人均每小时计算），即劳动生产率提高。工厂工人将会受益，因为他们得到更多的工资，工厂主将会受益，因为他们收回了投资。但是，从来没有免费的午餐，增加储蓄，必然导致现期消费减少。15. Suppose that when everyone wakes up tomorrow, they discover that the gov