第六讲词语翻译技巧2(増词法)

1、l教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。l教学内容：1. 增词法2. 省译法3. 词类转换4. 正说反译、反说正译法5. 翻译练习1、2 By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear, to make it more like the language translated into. Of course words thus supplied must indispens

2、able either syntactically or semantically. In other words, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to the original. There are two kinds: 1)Words for syntactic constructionto secure correctness, 2)Words supplied for semantic completionto secure clearness. Both aim at making the version expres

3、sive and readily understood by the reader.1、增加动词、增加动词1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人使人机智,笔记（写作）使人使人准确。2) . We dont regret, we never have and never will. 我们不会后悔，我们从来没有后悔后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔后悔。3). After the basketball, he still has an important conf

4、erence. 看完看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议要参加要参加。2. 增加形容词或副词增加形容词或副词1). With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!中国人民正以多么高的高的热情建设社会主义啊！人群渐渐（地）渐渐（地）散开了。2). The crowds melted away.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地滔滔不绝地讲个没完。3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.4). She lingered long over his let

5、ter. 5). In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractor together. 在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手开始开始相遇，然后然后相爱，最后最后并肩开拖拉机了。她反反复复地反反复复地回味着他的来信。玛丽的丈夫癌症去世后，就靠洗衣服衣服维持生活。2). Mary washed for a living after her hus

6、band died of cancer.3). He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.他吃了点东西东西，喝了点酒酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。3. 增加名词增加名词1). First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱钱，下一遭就讨饭饭。4). That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine. 那件黑夹克真是价价廉物物美。5). He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.他满脸满脸皱纹，皮肤皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。6). A new kind

7、of carsmall, cheapis attracting increasing attention.一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意这种轿车体积体积小，价钱价钱便宜。由例4、5、6可见，均在形容词前增加名词，从而使译文更具体，更符合译语习惯。7). His arrogance made everyone dislike him.他的傲慢态度态度使谁也不喜欢他。8). After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.一切准备工作工作就绪以后， 飞机就飞越美国去

8、了旧金山。由例7 、8可以看出， 某些动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可以根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更符合规范。 又如：to persuade 说服 persuasion说服工作to prepare 准备 preparation准备工作backward 落后 backwardness落后状态tense 紧张 tension紧张局势arrogant 自满 arrogance自满情绪mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为antagonistic敌对 antagonism 敌对态度4. 增加代词增加代词1). 小不忍则乱大谋。If one is not patient in sma

9、ll thing, one will never be able to control great ventures.2). 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你才能把工作做好。（钟述孔英汉翻译手册） Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well. (Zhong Shuko

10、ng, A Handbook of Translation)He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 3). 没有调查就没有发言权。 当然了，例还可以认为是增补主语“he”。又如：“又要马儿跑得快, 又要马儿不吃草, 简直可笑。”You want the horse to run fast and yet you dont let it graze. Isnt it ridiculous! Dont put your hands in your pockets.4). 别把手搁在口袋里。5). 一天天冷起来了。

11、It is getting colder day by day.6). 学好英语不容易，但是如果你坚持下去，最终一定 能学好。(2008年NECCS第90题 Level B)It was not easy to learn English well, but if you persist, you will succeed in the end.7). 把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again.5、增加语气词、增加语气词 汉语有许多语气助词，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“ 啊 ” 、

12、 “ 呀 ” 、 “ 嘛 ” 、 “ 吗 ” 、 “ 啦 ” 、“了”不同的语气词可以发挥不同的作用，英汉互译时需用心体验，以期译出从意义和修辞色彩等都符合的译文。同时，英语中的数词（包括不定冠词a）与可数名词直接连用，它们之间并无量词，而汉语往往要借助量词。因此英译汉时，应根据实际情况恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料的名量词名量词。 不要生气嘛嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了罢了。1). Dont get angry. Im just making fun of you.2). As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning.我呢呢，从一开始就不赞成。

13、那双眼睛啊啊，像海水一样的蓝，令人愉快，毫不沮丧。4). What a leader he was! .lHow time flies! 时间过得真快啊！ 他是一位多么出类拔萃的领导啊！v6. Adding words which indicate the plural formv汉语中名词的复数没有词型变化，很多情况下不必表达出来，但要表达 指多数人的名词时，可用“们”，如“老师们，同学们”，或在名词前加“各位诸位” 或独立使用“大家”；表达事物的复数时可用“若干”等。此外，英语名词复数汉译时还可根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达，以提高修辞效果。增加重叠词表示复数ve.g. Fl

14、owers bloom in the fields. 朵朵鲜花开满原野。ve.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities.v 一到夏季，旅游者纷纷涌到海滨城市。ve.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. 一排排的新房建成了。7.增加数词或其它词表示复数v汉语中有些数字词汇在文中并不表示具体的数字，只是表示“多，众多”的意思，如百（百花齐放，百家争鸣，百鸟朝凤，百感交集）、千（千篇一律，千人一面，千方百计）、万（万众一心，万紫千红，万水千山，千难万险）等；还有些词，如、 群、众、历、丛等也表示数量

15、的多：v e.g. The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。v e.g. The mountains were covered with snow. 群山白雪皑皑。v e.g. The crowd made a way for him. 众人给他闪开了一条道。v8. Adding quantifiers英语中的名词，特别是可数名词，一般直接与数词或冠词连用；而汉语几乎总是要用量词。ve.g. I bought a new bike yesterday. 我昨天买了一辆新自行车。ve.g. A red sun rose slowly from the c

16、alm sea. v 一轮红日在平静的海面上冉冉升起。英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、动作的动量词。ve.g. Shall we have a rest? 我们休息一下好吗？ve.g. Once they quarreled bitterly. 有次他们大吵了一架。ve.g. I had a look at the photo and recognized her at once.v 我看了一眼照片，马上就认出了她。v9. Adding words which indicate the tensev英语动词的时态是靠动词词型变化和加助动词来表达的。汉语动词没有时态变化

17、，表达时态时除用具体表示时间的词或词组，如昨天、此时此刻、下周、年前等，还要借助于时态助词“曾、已经、过、了正在、着、将、就、要、会、便”被用来表示过去现在将来发生的动作或存在的状态。对时间概念作强调时，往往加词翻译。ve.g. I had heard about him before I met him. v 我在见到他之前就听说过他了。ve.g. Once I was his boss ,but now he is mine.v 我一度曾是他的上司；不过现在是他领导我。强调时间的对比时，要加词翻译。ve.g. They say his father was a fisherman. He

18、used to be as poor as we are.v 听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也跟我们现在一样穷。 v11. Adding words which are syntactically omitted in the source text问答句ve.g. Is this your book? Yes, it is.v 这是你的书吗？ 是我的。ve.g. what? Dont you love him? Yes, of course I do.v 什么？难道你不爱他？ 我当然爱他！排比句ve.g. “Reading maketh a full man; conference a

19、 ready man; and writing an exact man”v “读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。”（培根:论读书王佐良译）比较句ve.g. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.v 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。ve.g. The villagers are as ready to look after her as they were their own daughter.v 村民们愿意照顾她，正如他们愿意照顾他们自己的女儿一样。隐含条件句ve.g. Seeing fal

20、sely is worse than blindness and speaking falsely than sience.v 所见不真，犹不如盲，所言不实，不如缄默。ve.g. But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.v 然而如果没有希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定没有第三帝国。 v12. Adding words which indicate the textual / social contextve.g. In April, there was the “ping”

21、 heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”.v如只照原文译出“四月份，全世界听到乒的一声；七月里，这乒声乓了一下。”读者肯定不知所云。根据中美建交的背景知识，把这段外交史话译为：v 四月里，全世界听到中国乒的一声把球打了出去；到了七月，美国乓的一声把球打了回来。ve.g. Mao and Zhou learned that Nixon had the desire for a visit.v 毛泽东和周恩来获悉尼克松有访华的念头。v12. Adding summarizing wordsv英汉语中都有概括词。对应译成“总之”“等等”即可。但有时英语句子中并无概括词，而翻译时往往要加上一些词，而省掉英语中的连接词：v e.g. The foreign ministers of China, Russia, Japan and the U.S. met in Tokyo.v 中、俄、日、美四国外长在东京会晤。v e.g. China is willing to exchange views with any countries, politic