物流英语课文翻译

1、一单元A篇Logistics is a unique global “pipeline”1 that operates 24 hours a day； seven days a week and 52 weeks a year, planning and coordinating the transport and delivery of products and services to customers all over the world.物流是一个独特的全球性的“管道”，即每天24小时运作；一星期7天，一年52周，计划和协调着产品的运输和配送以及对全球客户的服务。 Coming int

2、o being with the advent of civilization, logistics is anything but a newborn baby2. However, when it conies to modem logistics, most professionals in the business consider it one of the most challenging and exciting jobs, invisible as it is3. 文明伊始，物流就已经存在，因而不是新鲜事。然而，说到现代物流，几乎所有业内专业人士认为，它的一个无形的、最有挑战性

3、和令人兴奋的工作。 Modem logistics is related to the effective and efficient flow of materials and information that are of vital importance to customers and clients in various sections of the economic society4, which may include but by no means is limited to： packaging, warehousing, material handling, invent

4、ory, transport，forecasting, strategic planning, and customer service.现代物流关系到货物流和信息流的有效性和高效率。对于经济社会各个中间商和消费者来说，货物流和信息流是非常重要的，可能包括但绝非局限于：包装、仓储、转移、存储、运输、预测、战略规划、客户服务等。 “Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of go

5、ods, service and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption to meet customers，requirements. ” Although this definition fails to incorporate all specific terms used in the study of logistics，it does reflect the need for total movement management from point of material pr

6、ocurement to location of finished product distribution.物流是供应链过程的一部分，它计划、实施和控制着流动的高效率、有效性和货物的储存、服务的准备以及从原始点到消费终点相关信息，以满足客户的要求。虽然这个定义不能把所有特别说法用在研究物流方面，但它反映了从物资采购点到成品分销地的整个货物流向管理的需要。第二单元A篇It is universally acknowledged that products are of two kinds, products for customers and products for industrial u

7、se. As industrial products are not the key factors in planning a physical distribution strategy, they will not be mentioned in this text.就产品而言，普遍认为有两类，一类是消费产品，另一类是工业用途产品。因为工业用途产品在配送战略中不是主要因素，所以就不在本文论述了。 An important characteristic of any product is its availability at the place where a customer wish

8、es to consume it. And this is what logistics is chiefly concerned with. Products are of any value when and only when they are moved to the right place where it is available to the customer. Thus, we should make an analysis of products, depending on who uses them and how they are used.任何产品的一个重要特征就是在顾

9、客需要它时就能买到它。而这也正是物流所关心的。产品只有在被运送到能被消费者买到的场所时才体现出价值。这样，我们应该依据谁使用以及怎么使用这些产品来进行产品分析。Consumer products are those that are directed to ultimate consumers. According to the three different ways in which consumers select goods and services and where they buy them, consumer products can be put into three cat

10、egories : convenience products, shopping products, and specialty products .消费类产品是指直接面对终端消费者的 产品。根据消费者挑选产品和服务的三种不同方式以及从哪里购买这些产品，购买型产品和特殊产品三种。Convenience products are those goods and services that consumers purchase frequently, immediately, and with little comparative shopping. Typical products are ba

11、nking services, tobacco items, and many foodstuffs. These products generally require wide distribution through many outlets. Distribution costs are typically high but are more than justified by the increased sales potential that is brought about by this wide and extensive distribution. Customer serv

12、ice levels, as expressed in terms of product availability and accessibility, must be high to encourage any reasonable degree of customer patronage for the products.便利型产品是指消费者需要经常、及时购买并且不十分需要比较差价的产品和服务。银行业务、烟草产品和许多食物都是典型的便利型产品。这种产品一般都要求大范围的配送，配送成本一般都很高，但高成本却因大范围配送能增加其销售潜力而被认为合理。客户服务水平体现在产品购买时的方便性和可得性

13、方面，为了鼓励客户购买产品，服务水平心肝提高。Shopping products are those for which consumers are willing to seek and compare: comparing in many locations the price, quality, and performance, and making a purchase only after careful deliberation. Typical products in this category are fashion clothes, automobiles, home fur

14、nishings, and medical care. Because of the customers willingness to shop around, an individual supplier may stock goods or offer services in only a few out-lets in a given market area. Distribution costs for such suppliers are somewhat lower than for convenience products, and product distribution ne

15、ed not be as widespread.购买型产品是消费者愿意到处寻寻觅觅，比较价格、质量和性能，三思之后才作出购买决定的产品。这一类的典型产品有时装、汽车、家具和医疗服务等。因为消费者愿意到处看看，各供应高会在给定的市场上仅设几个销售点存放产品或提供服务。这种供应商的配送成本比便利型产品低一些，而且这类产品的配送范围也没有那么大。Specialty products are those for which buyers are willing to expend a substantial effort and often to wait a significant amount o

16、f time in order to acquire them. Buyers seek out particular typesrangi and brands of goods and services. Examples can be any type of goods ranging from fine foods to custom-made automobiles or a service such as management consulting advice. Because buyers insist on particular brands, distribution is

17、 centralized and customer service levels are not as high as those for convenience and shopping products. Physical distribution costs can be the lowest of any product category. Because of this, many firms will attempt to create brand preference for their product lin0065.特殊产品是指买家愿意花费大量精力并为了获得它们可以忍受很长的

18、等待时间的产品。消费者会寻求特定类型和品牌的产品和服务，例如精美食品、定制的汽车等各种商品，或者像管理咨询建议这类服务。因为消费者对品牌很执着，所以配送是集中进行的，消费者服务水平亲不像便利型产品和购买型产品要求那么高。配送成本可能是三种类别中最便宜的。正因为这个原因，许多公司试图为他们的创造品牌效应。第四单元B篇Inventory is viewed as playing a role in the value-added process. This does not mean the more you have in the form of inventory, the richer yo

19、u are. If you keep an over-stock of the inventory, expenses will incur not only in warehousing, but also in many aspects, such as the capital cost and the interest accruing on it, taxes, insurance, obsolescence cost and storage cost.在增值过程中库存被人们认为起着重要作用，这并不意味着以库存的形式存放的货物越多，你就越富。如果库存过量，不仅增加仓储方面的费用，如本金

20、、随之递增的利息、税、保险、陈旧性损耗费和仓储成本。On the one hand, capital cost increases with the lot size. On the other hand, the interest accrues on the capital invested in the carrying inventory, which is, in many ca-ses, computed according to the prime interest rate or a specified rate pegged to the prime interest. Th

21、e logic behind it is that the cash to replace capital invested in invent-tory can be qurchased in the money market.一方面本金随着批量大小而改变；另一方面，利息了随着投资在存货上的本金的多少而增减，而大多数情况下，存货是根据主要利息或指定利息率计算的。其暗含的逻辑是用于代替投资在库存上的本金的现金可在货币市场买到。In many countries, taxes are levied on the average inventory lev-dl on a specific day

22、 of the year.Insurance cost is a direct levy normally based on estimated risk or exposure over time.Obsolescence means the dete-rioration of product in storage which is not covered by insurance.许多国家按一年中某一特定的日子的平均库存水平征收税款。保险费一般根据预计风险或风险次数直接征收。损耗指仓库中的产品老旧了，这是不包含在保险范围内的。The storage cost incurs in re-sp

23、ect of product holding, whether you store the goods in a public warehouse, rented private ware-house or a warehouse you own yourself. The cost, which can well amount to over 37% of the total lo-gistics cost, results in the necessity of making plans for inventory.储存成本产生于产品保管，不管产品储存在公共仓库、租用的私人仓库还是自有仓库

24、。储存成本占整个物流成本的37%以上，所以做库存计划是很有必要的。The plan should be able to an-swer three basic questions: when to order, how much to order and inventory control procedures.库存计划要能够回答以下三个基本问题：何时订购，订购多少以及库存控制程序。For the time being we are con-cerned only with the question of how much to order. The lot sizing concept ca

25、lances the cost of maintaining in-ventories against the cost of ordering. The key to understanding the rela-tionship is to remember that average inventory is equal to one-half the or-rer quantity. The larger the order quantity, the fewer orders required per planning period and, consequent-ly, the lo

26、wer the total ordering cost. Lot quantity formulations identify the precise quantities at which the annual combined total cost of ordering and maintenance is lowest for a given sales volume.这里我们仅关心订购量的问题。批量大小概念平衡了维持库存的成本和降低订购成本的矛盾，理解他们的关系的关键是要记住平均库存数等于订购数量的二分之一。每次订购的量越大，每个订购计划周期订购次数就越少。因此整个订购成本就越少。批

27、量公式指明在给定销售额下，年综合定购成本和维持库存的最低点。第五单元A篇Packagingcanbedividedintoindustrialpackagingandconsumerpackaging.Generallyspeaking,consumerpackaging,whichmainlyaimsatcontainingthegoods,promotingthesaleofitandfacilitatinguseofit,isoflittlevaluetologisticsoperation.Butindustrialpackaginghasasignificantimpactonthe

28、costandproductivityoflogistics.包装可分成工业性包装和消费性包装两大类。一般来说，消费性包装主要为了盛装商品，促进商品销售，方便顾客使用，而对物流运作价值不大。但是工业性包装却对物流成本与物流生产力有很大的影响。Industrialpackagingshouldperformthefollowingfunctionstomeetintegratedlogisticsrequirements.为符合综合物流的要求，工业性包装需具有以下功能：First,itshouldprotectthegoodsfromdamageduringhandling,storingand

29、transportation.Damagecausedbyvibration,impact,punctureorcompressioncanhappenwheneverapackageisbeingtransported.Hence,packagedesignandmaterialmustcombinetoachievethedesiredlevelofprotectionwithoutincurringtheexpenseofoverprotection.Itispossibletodesignapackagethathasthecorrectmaterialcontentbutdoesno

30、tprovideanecessaryprotection.Arrivingatasatisfactorysolutioninvolvesdefiningthedegreeofallowabledamageintermsofexpectedoverallconditions(becauseinmostcases,thecostofabsoluteprotectionwillbeprohibitive)andthenisolatingacombinationofdesignandmaterialcapableofmeetingthosespecifications.第一，它必须防止商品在搬运、存储

31、和运输过程中受损坏。包装品在运输过程中，随时会招致损坏，损坏原因有震动、撞击、刺破或挤压。因此，包装设计和采用的材料必须结合起来以达到防范要求，但不会由于过多防范措施而导致成本增加。有时所设计的包装品具有合适的材料乘载内容但是却不能达到必要的防范的效果。要满意地解决包装问题，就需要根据预期的总体状况，判断货物所允许发生的货损程度（因为在大多数情况下，不会为了完全避免货损而使成本过高），然后找出一种包装，共设计和选材符合这些要求。Second,itshouldpromotelogisticalefficiency.Packagingaffectsnotonlymarketingandproduc

32、tionbutalsointegratedlogisticsactivities.Forexample,thesize,shapeandtypeofpackagingmaterialinfluencethetypeandamountofmaterialhandlingequipmentaswellashowgoodsarestoredinthewarehouse.Likewise,packagesizeandshapeaffectsloading,unloading,andthetransportingofaproduct.Theeasieritistohandleaproductthelow

33、erthetransportationrate.Hence,ifthepackageisdesignedforefficientlogisticalprocessing,overallsystemperformancewillbenefit.第二，包装应能促进物流效率。包装不仅影响生产和销售，而且也影响综合物流活动。例如，包装尺寸、形状和材料的种类和数量以及商品在仓库里堆放的方式。同样，包装的大小和形状也影响到产品装货、卸货和运输。产品搬运越容易，运输费用就会越低。因此，如果包装是为了物流作业的高效而设计，那么整个物流系统的运作都会受益。Thethirdimportantlogisticalp

34、ackagingfunctioniscommunicationorinformationtransfer.Toidentifypackagecontentsforreceiving,order selection and shipment verification, etc. , is the most obvious communication role of packaging. Typical information includes manufacturer, product, container type, count, and Universal Product Code (UPC

35、) number. Ease of packaging tracking is also important. Effective internal operation and a growing number of customers require that product be tracked as it moves through the logistics channel. This can be realized by the extensive use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFI), a computer chip embedde

36、d in the package, container, or vehicle to allow the container and contents to be scanned and verified as it passed checkpoints in the distribution facility and transportation gateway. The final communication role of logistics packaging is to provide instructions as to how to handle the cargo and ho

37、w to prevent possible damage. For instance, if the product is potentially dangerous, such as fireworks and table tennis balls, the packaging or accompanying material should provide instructions for avoiding moisture, vibration and heating, etc. , as the case may be.物流包装的第三个重要的功能就是通讯或信息传播。包装最显著的信息传播作

38、用就是收货入库时查验包内货物、分拣和每标货物的查验。典型的包装信息包括生产商、产品、容器型号、数量以及通用商品代码（UPC）。包装追踪便易也很重要。内部动作的有效性和越来越多的客户均要求在产品通过物流渠道时能够跟踪它们。无线电频率识别系统的广泛使用使这一切得以实现，在包装品、容器或运输工具中内置一块计算机芯片便可以使其在经过配货站和运输出入口的各检查点时，其中的包装容器和包装内容能够被扫描并得到查证确认。物流包装的最后一种信息功能就是在如何搬运货物和如何防止可能的损坏方面提供指示说明。例如，如果产品具有潜在的危险，像鞭炮，乒乓球之类，其包装材料或辅助材料必须提供相关说明以避免受潮、受震、受热等

39、危险情况发生。第六单元A篇Every organization, whether it is a manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer, buys materials, services, and supplies from outside suppliers to support its operation. For most organizations, supply management means purchasing. In many firms, purchasing has been seen as a cleri-cal activity.

40、 However, the emer-gence of the supply chain manage-ment concept has enlightened many managers about the strategic role played by prtchasing.每一个企业组织，不论是生产商、批发商还是零售商，都要从别的供货商那里购买各种原材料、服务和货物以支持企业的运作。对于大多数企业组织来说，供应管理意味着采购，在许多公司里，采购一直被视为职员的行为。然而供应链管理概念的出现使许多管理人员从采购所起到的战略性作用中受到启发。Purchasing contributes t

41、o the firms efficiency and effectiveness in many ways. First, it helps to determine a firms cost structure. Purchased goods and services are one of the largest elements of costs for many firms . In the average manufacturing firm in North America, purchased goods and services account for approximatel

42、y 55 cents of every sales dollar. By way of contrast, the average ex-pense of direct labor in the manu-facruring process accounts for only about 10 cents of every sales dollar. While the percentage spent on purchased inputs does vary con-siderably across organizations, it is clear that the potential

43、 savings from strategic management of pur-chasing are considerable. There-fore, managers with good negotia-ting skills and strong relationships with suppliers can save their organ-izations large sums relative to the competition. And identifying the right production equipment and buying it at a good

44、price can create competitive cost advantages that last for many years. 采购的许多方面有利于提高公司的工作效率和工作效果。首先，采购有助于决定公司的成本结构。许多公司的购买货品和服务是成本的最大几个部分之一。在北美，生产厂家购买的物品和服务所用的成本平均要占每一美元销售额中的55美分。与此形成对比的是，在生产环节中直接用于劳动力的平均成本仅占每一美元销售额中的10美分。虽然花在采购上的成本因企业不同而有很大差别，但显而易见的是，采购的战略管理节省成本的潜力相当可关。因此，具备良好的谈判技巧并与供货商保持稳定关系的管理人员可以

45、为所在企业节省大量成本支出而相应增加了产品的竞争力。而且，在购买产品设备方面识货又能以合适的价格买下来可以使企业连续多年具有成本上的竞争优势。Second, good purchasing prac-tices avoid operational problems. Stockouts of raw materials or com-poment parts can shut down a pro-duction plant. The quality of fin-ished goods and services is obvi-orsly dependent upon the quality

46、 of the materials and parts used in pro-ducing those items. Of poor-quality components and materials are used, then the final product will not meet customers quality stand-ards. While avoiding these prob-lems may not lead to operational effectiveness, operational effective-ness is impossible if thes

47、e problems arise.第二，良好的采购实践避免了营运上的问题。原材料告罄或零部件告急都会导致一个生产厂家关门待产。成品的质量和服务水平明显取决于生产这些产品所需要的原材料和零部件的质量。如果使用权用质量低劣的零部件或原料，终端产品主无法符合顾客要求的质量标准。避免此类总是也许不会带来经营成效，但是如果真的出现此类问题就不可能也谈不上经营成效。Without effective purchasing practices, operations in a firm may be disrupted, customer service lev-els may fall, and long

48、-term cus-tomer relationship may be dam-aged. Before any product can be manufactured, supplies meeting certain conditions must be availa-ble. Fortunately, progressive man-agers have recognized these poten-tial contributions of purchasing and have taken the necessary steps to ensure results. The most

49、 impor-tant single step on successful of-ganizations has been the elevation to top executive status of the pur-chasing manager. This, coupled with high-caliber staff and the ap-propriate Authority and responsibil-ity, has resulted in an exciting and fruitful realization of the potential of the purch

50、asing contribution.缺乏富有成效的采购，公司的运作就会陷入混乱，客户服务水平也会下降，长期的客户关系就会受损。任何产品在生产之前，符合相关条件的各种供应物必须到位。幸运的是，先进的管理人员已认识到采购所起到的潜在的推动作用，并采取了必要的措施确保其取得良好的效果。在成功企业中最重要的一个措施就是把采购经理的地位提高到高层行政级别。由此，地信提高的经理人再加上才干非凡的员工队伍、恰如其分的管理行为以及恰到好处的责任分工，使用权采购所带来的潜力得到了充分发挥而且卓有成效。第七单元A篇Information is crucial to the performance of a su

51、pply chain be-cause it provides the facts that sup-ply chain managers use to make de-cisions. Without information, a manager will not know what cus-tomers want, how much inventory is in stock and when more products should be produced and shipped. In short, without information, a manager can only mak

52、e decisions blindly.信息对于供应链的绩效至关重要，因为它提供信息给供应链管理者，供其做出决策。没有信息，管理者就不知道顾客相要什么、有多少库存及何时需要制造出更多产品并进行运输。总而言之，没有信息，管理者就只能盲目地做出决策。Supply chain managers use in-formation to make many important decisions relating to each of the supply chain drivers. Setting in-ventory levels requires downstream information f

53、rom customers on de-mand, upstream information from suppliers on availability, and infor-mation on current inventory levels, costs, and margins. Determining transportation policies requires in-formation on customers, suppliers, routes, costs, times, and quanti-ties to be shipped. Facility deci-sions

54、 require information on de-mand and suppliers, as well as in-formation on capacities, revenues, and costs within the company.供应管理者使用信息来做出很多重要的决策，这些决策与供应链每个环节都有息息相关。决定仓储量，需要从容不迫顾客处得知下游需求信息、供应商供应量的上游信息、当前的仓储量、成本和利润。决定运输政策，而要知道顾客、供应商、路线、成本、时间及需要运输的数量等信息。决定引进设备器材，而要知道需求量、供应商信息及公司内的能力、收入及成本。Managers must

55、 understand how information is gathered and analyzed. This is where informa-tion technology comes into Play. Information technology ( IT ) con-sists of the hardware and software used throughout a supply chain to gather and analyze information. IT serves as the eyes and ears of man-agement in a suppl

56、y chain, captu-ring and delivering the information necessary to make a good decision. For instance, an IT system at a personal computer ( PC ) manufac-turer may tell a manager how many Pentium IV chips are in stock to put into newly made PCs. IT is al-so used to analyze the information and recommend

57、 an action. In this role, a manager at a PC manufac-turer can take the number of chips in inventory, look at demand fore-cast, and determine whether to or-der more chips from Intel.管理者必须要知道收集信息和分析信息。这一点就是信息技术发挥作用的地方。信息技术（IT）包括了在整个供应链中收集和分析信息的软件与硬件设备。信息技术系统在供应链中相当于管理方的眼睛与耳朵，它能捕捉和传送必要的信息，利于做出正确的决定。例如，

58、个人电脑（PC）制造商的信息技术系统可以告诉管理者现在储有多少奔腾IV芯片可以用来插入新的个人电脑。信息技术还可以用于分析信息并推荐一项举措。在这方面，电脑制造公司的经理可以知道库存芯片的数理，看到需求预计量并且决定是否要从英特尔公司买进更多芯片。第八单元A篇Text Can we Be Self-sufficient?Supply chain is defined as a network composed of factories, suppliers, retailers, etc. that supply to each other raw material, components, products and service. Supply chain management means the design, planning and control of the infor