颜素文2014-2015连词与状语从句

1、状语从句包括状语从句包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句和结果状语从句目的状语从句和结果状语从句。状语从句的考查。状语从句的考查主要集中在连接词的掌握上，尤其要重视主要集中在连接词的掌握上，尤其要重视as, until, before, since, when, in case, where等连词的等连词的各种语义功能和语法功能。其考点主要包括：各种语义功能和语法功能。其考点主要包括： 1考查状语从句的连接词。要掌握每个连考查状语从句的连接词。要掌握每个连词的含义及其用法，还

2、有它们之间的一些区别。词的含义及其用法，还有它们之间的一些区别。 The police officers in our city work hard _ the rest of us can live a safe life. Ain case Bas if Cin order that Donly if To show our respect，we usually have to take our gloves off _ we are to shake hands with. Awhichever Bwhenever Cwhoever DWherever He had his camera

3、 ready _ he saw something that would make a good picture. Aeven if Bif only Cin case Dso thatCCC If a lot of people say a film is not good，I wont bother to see it，or Ill wait _ it comes out on DVD. Awhether Bafter Cthough DUntil As is reported，it is 100 years _ Qinghua University was founded. Awhen

4、Bbefore Cafter DSince John thinks it wont be long _ he is ready for his new job. Awhen Bafter Cbefore DsinceDDC “You cant judge a book by its cover，”_ Aas the saying goes old Bgoes as the old saying Cas the old saying goes Dgoes as old the saying 考查方式状语从句。句意：正如谚语所说：“人不可貌相”。as引导方式状语从句，且从句用陈述语序，故选C项。C

5、 Everything was placed exactly _ he wanted it for the graduation ceremony. Awhile Bwhen Cwhere DThough 考查状语从句。句意：毕业典礼的一切都按照他的想法被安排得井井有条。where在此处引导地点状语从句，修饰谓语动词was placed。 If you happen to get lost in the wild，youd better stay_you are and wait for help. Awhy Bwhere Cwho DwhatCB I cannot hear the prof

6、essor clearly as there is too much noise _ I am sitting. Abefore Buntil Cunless DWhere They promised to develop a software package by the end of this year，_ they might have. Ahowever difficult Bhow difficult Cwhatever difficulty Dwhat difficulty One can always manage to do more things，no matter _ fu

7、ll ones schedule is in life. Ahow Bwhat Cwhen DwhereDCA如：时间状语从句的连词有如：时间状语从句的连词有while, when, as, as soon as, until, notuntil, before, after, since等；等； 条件状语从句的连词有条件状语从句的连词有 if, unless, in case, on condition that, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that)等；等； 结果状语从句的连词有结果状语从句的连词有sothat(如此如此以至于以至于)，suc

8、hthat(如如此此以至于以至于), 地点状语地点状语where等。等。 Mary made coffee _ her guests were finishing their meal. Aso that Balthough Cwhile Das if Have you finished the book? No. Ive read up to _ the children discover the secret cave. Awhich Bwhat Cthat DWhere Today，we will begin _ we stopped yesterday so that no point

9、 will be left out. Awhen Bwhere Chow DwhatCDB 35. I can see，there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger. A.As long as B.As far as C.Just as D.Even ifB2. 考查固定搭配和习惯用法的连接词。如：考查固定搭配和习惯用法的连接词。如：no soonerthan/hardlywhen(一一就就); the moment/minute，directly等的连词功能。等的连词功能。3. 考查不同性质的连词在不同的语境中所表考查

10、不同性质的连词在不同的语境中所表现的不同意义，现的不同意义，如如as既能引导时间状语从句，又既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导原因状语从句和让步状语从句；能引导原因状语从句和让步状语从句； where引引导地点状语从句和定语从句等导地点状语从句和定语从句等。4. 考查状语从句的时态。主要考查时间、条考查状语从句的时态。主要考查时间、条件、让步状语从句用件、让步状语从句用一般现在时表将来一般现在时表将来，以及，以及一一般过去时代替过去将来时般过去时代替过去将来时的用法。的用法。 连词immediately / directly / instantly和词组the moment, the minute

11、意为“一就”，相当于as soon as。如： The thief ran away the moment / directly he saw the policeman. (1) when, as soon as, every time, immediately, the moment等在引导时间状语从句时，若从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。如： The moment I finish my homework, I will go out to play football. “我刚到公共汽车站，汽车就开了。”一句，就可以有如下几句译法： As soon as I got to the b

12、us stop, the bus started. Hardly had I got to the bus stop when the bus started. No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started. No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain. If nothing _，the oceans will turn into fish deserts. Adoes Bhad been done Cwill do Dis done She says that she

13、ll have to close the shop _ business improves. Aif Bunless Cafter DWhen Anyone，once _ positive for H7N9 flu virus，will receive free medical treatment from our government. Ato be tested Bbeing tested Ctested Dto test从句中省略了从句中省略了he is。当主从句的主语一致，且状语从句的谓。当主从句的主语一致，且状语从句的谓语动词含有语动词含有be时，往往将从句的主语和时，往往将从句的主

14、语和be同时省略，故同时省略，故选选C项。项。DBC5. 考查状语从句的省略。在时间、原因、条考查状语从句的省略。在时间、原因、条件、方式、让步等状语从句中，常常省略相同的件、方式、让步等状语从句中，常常省略相同的主语或作主语的代词主语或作主语的代词it以及以及be动词，保留现在分词、动词，保留现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式等成分。如果从句过去分词、介词短语、不定式等成分。如果从句中有中有“it is形容词形容词”，也可以省略，也可以省略it is。6. 考查状语从句、宾语从句、简单句和并列考查状语从句、宾语从句、简单句和并列句的句式结构。如：句的句式结构。如： 区分区分when，if引

15、导宾语从句引导宾语从句和状语从句的不同：和状语从句的不同：when引导时间状语从句意为引导时间状语从句意为“当当时候时候”，引导宾语从句意为，引导宾语从句意为“什么时什么时候候”； if引导条件状语从句意为引导条件状语从句意为“如果如果”，引导，引导宾语从句意为宾语从句意为“是否是否”。 There are some health problems that，when _ in time，can become bigger ones later on. Anot treated Bnot being treated Cnot to be treated Dnot having been tre

16、ated 考查非谓语动词。此处是状语从句的省略形式，补充完整应为：when they are not treated in time.从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句中含有be的形式，可以将从句中的主语与be动词同时省略，只保留not treated形式，因此A项正确。A 连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。如连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。如果句子包含两个或更多的互不依从的主谓结果句子包含两个或更多的互不依从的主谓结构，则该句就是并列句。含表递进，表选择，构，则该句就是并列句。含表递进，表选择，表转折，表因果等四种主要句型。并列句中表转折，表因果等四种主要句型。并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连

17、接，其中各的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接，其中各分句意义同等重要，联系密切，无从属关系。分句意义同等重要，联系密切，无从属关系。连接各种从句的连词为从属连词连接各种从句的连词为从属连词( (状语从句中状语从句中重点介绍重点介绍) )。属性属性连接词连接词典型例句典型例句并列关并列关系系and, not only.but (also), neither.nor., and.as well, both.and.Their car broke down halfway and they had to stay in a small inn for the night.汽车半路汽车半路抛锚了，他们只好

18、在抛锚了，他们只好在一家小旅馆过夜。一家小旅馆过夜。选择关选择关系系or, either.or., otherwise, or else, not.but.(不不而而)Either you are mad，or I am. 要么你疯了，要么你疯了，要么我疯了。要么我疯了。1.1.并列连词归纳并列连词归纳转转折折关关系系but, (and) yet, while, whereas, however, on the contrary, on the other sideMary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming.玛丽是个好女孩，但她玛丽是个好

19、女孩，但她有个缺点。有个缺点。因因果果关关系系for, so, thus，therefore, because, and thenSomeone is coming, for the dog is barking.有人有人来了，因为狗在叫。来了，因为狗在叫。2. 使用并列连词应注意的问题使用并列连词应注意的问题(1)and, not only.but (also)., neither.nor.等词连等词连接的并列句，在意义上主要对前一句子作补充或接的并列句，在意义上主要对前一句子作补充或引申，包括肯定和否定两方面的意义。引申，包括肯定和否定两方面的意义。如：如：Think it over, a

20、nd youll find a way out.仔细考虑，你将发现一条出路。仔细考虑，你将发现一条出路。Not only is he himself interested in the subject, but also his students began to show interest in it.不仅他自己对这个科目感兴趣，他的学生也开始不仅他自己对这个科目感兴趣，他的学生也开始显示出兴趣来。显示出兴趣来。 27. _and Ill get the work finished.A.Have one more hour B.One more hour C.Given one more h

21、our D.If I have one more houe 答案为： B 解析：One more hour and Ill get the work finished.相当于祈使句Give me one more hour and Ill get the work finished.表示再给我一小时时间，我会把这个工作完成。have one more hour指对方再有一小时时间。given one more hour作状语，表示如果再给一小时时间，但必须把句中的and去掉。if I have one more hour意为“如果我再有一小时时间”，表示自己没有时间了，暗示说话人已到了生命尽头

22、。Neither does he work hard, nor does his brother.他和他兄弟工作都不努力。他和他兄弟工作都不努力。(2)or，either.or.，otherwise连接并列句表示选连接并列句表示选择意义。择意义。The children can go with us, or they can stay in.孩子们可以跟我们一起去，也可以留下。孩子们可以跟我们一起去，也可以留下。Either he is to blame or you are.不是他就是你该受责备。不是他就是你该受责备。Hurry up, otherwise youll be late for

23、 the meeting.快一点，要不然你开会会迟到的。快一点，要不然你开会会迟到的。1. 时间状语从句：时间状语从句：when, while, as, whenever, till, until, before, after, by the time, the first time, the last time, as soon as, once, the moment, each time, since, ever since, no sooner.than, hardly.when, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly, every

24、time, next time2. 地点状语从句：地点状语从句：where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere 23.It is almost five years we saw each other last time. A.before B.since C.after D.whenB 5. If you are traveling _ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do. A. in which B. what C. when D. where 24.He

25、was about halfway through his meal a familiar voice came to his ears. A.why B.where C.when D.whileDC You may use the room as you like_ you clean it up afterwards. Aso far as Bso long as Cin case Deven if There were some chairs left over _ everyone had sat down. A. when B. until C. that D. where 答案:A

26、 句意为“在每个人都坐下的时候,依然还有剩余的椅子”。when引导时间状语从句BA Youd better not leave the medicine _ kids can get at it. A. even if B. which C. where D. so that He was told that it would be at least three more months he could recover and return to work. A. when B. before C. since D. thatCB3. 条件状语从句：条件状语从句：if, unless, pro

27、viding/provided that, as/so long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing that, in case, only if4. 原因状语从句：原因状语从句：because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that, for the reason that, given (that)5. 目的状语从句：目的状语从句：that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that We all know that,

28、 _, the situation will get worse. A. not if dealt carefully with B. if not carefully dealt with C. if dealt not carefully with D. not if carefully dealt with 答案为：答案为： B 解析:if引导条件状语从句时,某些成分可以省略,if not carefully dealt with表示“如果不小心处理”。6. 结果状语从句：结果状语从句：so that, so.that., such.that.7. 让步状语从句：让步状语从句：thoug

29、h, although, even if/though, as, while, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter, whether.or, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that8. 比较状语从句：比较状语从句：(not) as.as, (not) the same as, not so.as, (not) such.as, than9. 方式状语从句：方式状语从句：as if/though, (just) as 20.This is a very interesting b

30、ook.Ill buy it,_. A.how much may it cost B.no matter how it may cost C.however much it may cost D.how may it cost 答案为：C 解析：“however + 形容词或副词 + 句子”引导让步状语从句，表示“无论”。no matter引导让步状语从句时，要用“no matter how形容词或副词 + 句子”结构。 _, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. A. Strange as might it sound

31、 B. As it might sound strange C. As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound 答案为：答案为： D 解析:“Strange as it might sound”引导让步状语从句,意为“尽管听起来很奇怪”。=Though it might sound strange 23. , Carolina couldnt get the door open. A. Try as she might B. As she might try. C. She might try as D. Might as she

32、 try 27. _, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. A. A quiet student as he may be B. Quiet student as he may be C. Be a quiet student as he may D. Quiet as he may be a student AB Who should be responsible for the accident? The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order .

33、 A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told 答案:A 职员只是执行命令，as told“按所说的”，其完整形式为as they are told。省略主语和系动词，是常见的一种状语从句省略句型。 5. When _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. havi

34、ng compared 答案为： C 解析：此处是连词when + 分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个状语从句。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。此处从句的主语是we，compare这个动作是we主动进行的，应用现在分词表示。(一一)时间状语从句时间状语从句1. when, while, as用法解析用法解析 when引导的时间状语从句表示某个具体时间，引导的时间状语从句表示某个具体时间， 有有“当当时候时候”的意思，从句中的动词可以的意思，从句中的动词可以是是 终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，从句的动终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，从句的动 作和主句的动作可以是同时或先后发生；作和主句的动作

35、可以是同时或先后发生；while只表示一段持续的时间，有只表示一段持续的时间，有“在在的同的同时时”的意思，主句的动作在从句动作发生的过的意思，主句的动作在从句动作发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生，从句中的动程中或主从句两个动作同时发生，从句中的动词必须是延续性动词；词必须是延续性动词；as从句通常表示动作的从句通常表示动作的进展过程，有进展过程，有“随着，一边随着，一边一边一边”的意的意思，从句的动作和主句的动作同时或几乎同时思，从句的动作和主句的动作同时或几乎同时发生，不强调先后。发生，不强调先后。如：如：When I got to the airport, the guests ha

36、d left.(主先从后，从句谓语主先从后，从句谓语got表示终止性的动作表示终止性的动作)当我赶到机场时，客人们已经离开了。当我赶到机场时，客人们已经离开了。When he had finished his homework, he took a short rest. (从先主后，从句谓语从先主后，从句谓语finished表示终止表示终止性的动作性的动作)当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。When/While/As we were dancing. a stranger came in. (we were dancing表示延续性的动作表示延续性的动作) 当我

37、们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。【注意】【注意】(1)由由when引导的时间状语从句，主句引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用时候，多用while引导。引导。如：如：When the teacher came

38、in, we were talking.当老师进来时，我们正在说话。当老师进来时，我们正在说话。(当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为：当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为：While we were talking, the teacher came in.)They were singing while we were dancing.他们在唱歌，我们在跳舞。他们在唱歌，我们在跳舞。(2)when和和while还可作并列连词。还可作并列连词。when表示表示“在那时，此时突然在那时，此时突然”；while表示表示“然而，然而，却却”，表对比或转折关系。并列连词，表对比或转折关系。并列连词when常用常

39、用于以下句型中：于以下句型中：.was/were doing.when. (正在做正在做突然突然).was/were about to do.when. (刚要做刚要做突然突然).was/were on the point of doing.when. (刚要做刚要做突然突然).had just done.when. (刚一刚一就就)Hardly/Scarcely had done.when. (刚一刚一就就) 如：如：The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motorbi

40、ke.孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米，这时他们听到孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米，这时他们听到了摩托车的声音。了摩托车的声音。He is strong while his brother is weak.他长得很结实，而他弟弟却很瘦弱。他长得很结实，而他弟弟却很瘦弱。2. before引导时间状语从句引导时间状语从句(1)before引导时间状语从句时词义非常灵活。引导时间状语从句时词义非常灵活。e.g. Before I could get in a word, the tailor had measured me. (还没来得及还没来得及就就) 我还没来得及插话，裁缝就给我量好了尺寸。我还没来得及

41、插话，裁缝就给我量好了尺寸。 We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired. (还没还没就就) 我们还没跑到一英里，他就感到累了。我们还没跑到一英里，他就感到累了。We had sailed 4 days before we saw land.(才才)我们航行了四天才看到陆地。我们航行了四天才看到陆地。Please write it down before you forget it.(趁还没趁还没就就)趁你还没忘记请写下来吧。趁你还没忘记请写下来吧。(2)before引导时间状语从句常用句型。引导时间状语从句常用句型。It was/will be时间段时间

42、段before. 过了多久过了多久才才e.g. It was three years before he finished the work. 他花了三年时间才完成这项工作。他花了三年时间才完成这项工作。(谈论过去谈论过去) It will be three years before he finishes the work. 他得花三年时间才能完成这项工作。他得花三年时间才能完成这项工作。(谈论将来谈论将来) It wont be/take long before. 不久就会不久就会(这里这里long可用一段时间来替代可用一段时间来替代)e.g. It wont be long before

43、 he finishes the work. 他不久就会完成这项工作。他不久就会完成这项工作。 30.Several weeks had gone by I realized the painting was missing. A.as B.before C.since D.whenB3. till/until和和not.till/until(1)肯定句：主句谓语动词必须是持续性的，意思肯定句：主句谓语动词必须是持续性的，意思是是“直到直到(某时某动作停止了某时某动作停止了)”。如：如：The students made much noise till/until the teacher ca

44、me into the classroom.直到老师走进教室学生们才停止了大声喧哗。直到老师走进教室学生们才停止了大声喧哗。【注意】【注意】until可以放在句首而可以放在句首而till则不行。则不行。Until they used up all their money, the young couple were very happy.()Till they used up all their money, the young couple were very happy.()(2)否定句：主句谓语动词必须是短暂性的，意否定句：主句谓语动词必须是短暂性的，意思是思是“某动作直到某时才某动作直

45、到某时才(发生发生)”。She wont go to bed till/until he returns home.直到他回来她才睡觉。直到他回来她才睡觉。(3)not.until还有强调式和倒装式还有强调式和倒装式强调句：强调句：It is not until he returns home that she will go to bed.倒装句：倒装句：Not until he returns home will she go to bed. (not until.置于句首，主句要倒装置于句首，主句要倒装)4since引导时间状语从句引导时间状语从句since引导的时间状语从句表示自从某时

46、或某事引导的时间状语从句表示自从某时或某事发生以来，从句一般表示动作的起点，用过去发生以来，从句一般表示动作的起点，用过去时，主句表示动作的延续情况，一般用现在完时，主句表示动作的延续情况，一般用现在完成时。成时。常用句型：常用句型：It is/has been一段时间一段时间since. (自从自从以来有以来有)e.g. Since he graduated from the college，he has worked in this city. 他大学毕业后一直在这座城市工作。他大学毕业后一直在这座城市工作。Jack came to see me last month, since we

47、left school we had not seen each other.杰克上个月来看我，自从我们离开学校，我们杰克上个月来看我，自从我们离开学校，我们一直没有见过面。一直没有见过面。It is/has been three years since he finished the work. 自从他完成这项工作已经三年了。自从他完成这项工作已经三年了。【注意】该句型中，从句的动词如果是延续性【注意】该句型中，从句的动词如果是延续性 的，时间要从从句的动作结束时算起，要翻译的，时间要从从句的动作结束时算起，要翻译 成否定含义，即成否定含义，即“没做某事已经多久了没做某事已经多久了”。【考例

48、【考例】1. I had hardly got to the office _ my wife phoned me to go back home at once. (2012大大纲全国卷纲全国卷II) A. when B. than C. until D. after2. He smiled politely _ Mary apologized for her drunken friends. (山东山东2012) A. as B. if C. unless D. though3. Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afte

49、rnoon, or _ it is convenient to you. (江西江西2011) A. whenever B. however C. whichever D. wherever(二二)地点状语从句地点状语从句1. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词引导地点状语从句的从属连词where， wherever(no matter where),指具体地点时，指具体地点时，从句可用于主句之前或之后；从句可用于主句之前或之后； 表示抽象的含义表示抽象的含义时，从句须放在主句之前。时，从句须放在主句之前。如：如：They are planting trees where there is plent

50、y of water and sunlight.他们在阳光雨水充足的地方植树。他们在阳光雨水充足的地方植树。Wherever you go, I go too. 无论你到什么地方，无论你到什么地方，我都去。我都去。(wherever多用于句首多用于句首)While she was wondering where to go, she met a policeman.正当她琢磨去哪里时，她遇到一个警察。正当她琢磨去哪里时，她遇到一个警察。(疑疑问副词问副词where后跟不定式，构成不定式短语后跟不定式，构成不定式短语)2. 区分区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句引导的定语从句与状语从句whe

51、re引导定语从句时，引导定语从句时，where是关系副词，在是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前面有表示地点的先行从句中作地点状语，其前面有表示地点的先行词，词，where引导的从句修饰先行词；引导的从句修饰先行词；where引导引导状语从句时，状语从句时，where是从属连词，是从属连词，where引导的引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where前面没有表前面没有表示地点的先行词。示地点的先行词。Go back where you came from. (where引导地引导地点状语从句点状语从句) 回到你来的地方去。回到你来的地方去。Go back to the vi

52、llage where you came from. (where引导定语从句，修饰引导定语从句，修饰village)回到你来的那个村子里去。回到你来的那个村子里去。【考例【考例】A number of high buildings have arisen _ there was nothing a year ago but ruins. (山东山东2012) A. when B. where C. before D. until(地点状语）地点状语）(一一)条件状语从句条件状语从句1. 在表示条件的状语从句中，既可以用陈述语在表示条件的状语从句中，既可以用陈述语 气做气做“真实条件句真实条件

53、句”，也可以用虚拟语气做，也可以用虚拟语气做“非真实条件句非真实条件句”。if表示正面的条件，意为表示正面的条件，意为“如果如果”；unless(if.not)表示反面的条件，表示反面的条件，意为意为“除非，如果不除非，如果不”。如：如： If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你请求他，他会帮助你。如果你请求他，他会帮助你。If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了。要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了。(用虚拟语气表用虚拟语气表示非真实条件句的情况示非真实条件句

54、的情况)I may not come to see you recently unless I can complete the project ahead of time.除非我能提前完成那个项目，否则我最近不会来除非我能提前完成那个项目，否则我最近不会来看你了。看你了。【注意】【注意】unless是比是比if.not略为正式的表达法，略为正式的表达法， unless从句的谓语只能是肯定式。从句的谓语只能是肯定式。如：如： Do not come unless I call you.Do not come if I do not call you. 不要来除非我叫你。不要来除非我叫你。 Un

55、less hes in uniform, he doesnt look like a policeman. 除非他穿制服，否则他看上去不像个警察。除非他穿制服，否则他看上去不像个警察。 The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day，_ accompanied by an adult. Aonce Bwhen Cif DUnless Well have a picnic in the park this Sunday _it rains or its very cold

56、 Asince Bif Cunless DUntil I wont call you, _ something unexpected happens. A. unless B. whether C. because D. whileDDA2. in case, on condition that, providing (that), provided (that), supposing (that), suppose (that) 等词汇意思相近，指等词汇意思相近，指“如果，假如，假使，如果，假如，假使， 在在条件下条件下”。如：如： In case he comes，let me know.

57、 如果他来的话，告诉我一声。如果他来的话，告诉我一声。 I will go, providing/provided (that) my expenses are paid. 只要我的费用有人付，我就去。只要我的费用有人付，我就去。Suppose/Supposing (that) he does not come, what shall we do?他要是不来，我们该怎么办？他要是不来，我们该怎么办？They promised to let us have a meeting in their office on condition that we could keep it clean.如果如

58、果我们能保持清洁，他们答应让我们在他我们能保持清洁，他们答应让我们在他们的办公室里开会。们的办公室里开会。3. as long as(so long as)引导语气强烈的条引导语气强烈的条件状语从句时，意为件状语从句时，意为“只要只要”。如：如：You may use the book so long as you return it on time.只要你准时还，你就可以借这本书。只要你准时还，你就可以借这本书。(二二)原因状语从句原因状语从句1. because, since, as, for都是表示原因或理由都是表示原因或理由的连接词。的连接词。as, because, since是从属

59、连词，引是从属连词，引导原因状语从句。导原因状语从句。for是并列连词。在语气上，是并列连词。在语气上，becausesinceasfor。2. because引导的从句多置于句末，表示直接引导的从句多置于句末，表示直接的原因或理由，表示产生那种结果的必然的因的原因或理由，表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系，在回答果关系，在回答why的提问时，必须用的提问时，必须用because作答；作答；as与与since引导的从句多置于句引导的从句多置于句首，首，as意为意为“由于，鉴于由于，鉴于”，说明一般的因果，说明一般的因果关系，表示比较明显的原因；关系，表示比较明显的原因；since意为意为“既既然

60、然”，表示对方已知的无需加以说明的原因或，表示对方已知的无需加以说明的原因或事实；事实；for连接的分句一般放在句末，其前用连接的分句一般放在句末，其前用逗号，它所叙述的理由是对前面叙述的事实或逗号，它所叙述的理由是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。看法的补充说明。We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨我们待在家里。因为下雨我们待在家里。As he was not feeling well, I decided to go there alone.由于他身体欠佳，我决定独自去那里。由于他身体欠佳，我决定独自去那里。Since everyone is h