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1、chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Tools of the Laboratory(实验)Chapter 3chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Main Themes Methods of Culturing(培养) Microorganisms(微生物) The Microscope(显微镜)chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法 Over the past 30 years,nearly 20 new infectious(传染性的) agents(介质) have appeared suddenly and unexpectedly(意外的).chapter3实验室

2、的工具研究微生物的方法Chapter Overview A driving force of microbiology has been to find ways to visualize(显现) and handle(处置 )microorganisms; Microbes are managed and characterized (概括特征)by implementing the Five I,S; The microscope is a powerful tool for magnifying(放大) and resolving cells and their parts;chapte

3、r3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Methods of Culturing Microorganisms Problems: Most habitats(栖息地) harbor(居住) microbes in complex(复杂的) associations ,so it is often necessary to separate the species from one another; To maintain and keep track of (了解)such small reserarch subjects,mircrobiologists(微生物学家) usually have t

4、o grow them under artificial conditions; They are invisible and widely distributes(分布广泛),and undesirable(意外的) ones can be introduced into an experiment and cause misleading results.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法 If you want to study a specified(特定(特定地)地) microorganism ,you should do experiments step by setp

5、 -according to the Five I,S.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法INOCULATION:PRODUCING A CULTURE To cultivate(培养) microorganisms ,one introduces(引入) a tiny sample into a container(容器) of nutrient(营养物) medium,which provides an environment in which they multiply(繁殖).This p

6、rocess is called inoculation(接种接种).chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法ISOLATION:SEPARATE ONE SPECIES FROM ANOTHER If an individual bacterial cell is separated from other cells and provided adequate(充足的) space on a nutrient surface,it will grow into a discrete(分立的) mound(堆积物) of cells called a colony(菌落).chapter3

7、实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Isolation Techniquechapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Methods for isolating bacteriachapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法The spreading toolchapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法MEDIA:PROVIDING NUTRIENTS IN THE LABORATORYA medium(培养基)(培养基) is a liquid or gel(凝胶) designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells .chapter3实

8、验室的工具研究微生物的方法Types of Media Physical form Chemical composition(组成) Functional type(table 3.1)chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Physical States of Media Liquid media are defined as water-based that do not solidify(固化) at temperatures above freezing and that tend to flow freely when the container is tilted(倾斜).ch

9、apter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Sample liquid mediachapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Semilolid media They contain some an amount of solidifying agent that thickens them but does not produce a firm substrate(基础).chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Sample semisolid mediachapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Solid media Solid media provide a firm surface

10、on which cells can form discrete colonies and are advantageous(适合的) for isolating and culturing bacteria and fungi(真菌).chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Solid mediachapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Agar(琼脂) Isolated from the red alga Gelidium(石花菜属 ); It is solid at room temperature; Onced liquefied(液化),agar does not resoli

11、dify until it cools to 42; Semisolid media(0.3-0.5%)、solid media (0.5-2%).chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法 Nutrient agar(营养琼脂)(营养琼脂) is a microbiological growth medium commonly used for the routine(常规的) cultivation of non-fastidious(苛求的) bacteria.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法 Nutrient agar typically contains (w/v):

12、0.5% peptone (蛋白胨) 0.3% beef extract (牛肉膏) 1.5% agar (琼脂) pH adjusted to neutral at 25 . Nutrient broth does not contain agar.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Peptone (蛋白胨) Any water soluble(可溶的) product, a mixture of polypeptides(多肽) and amino acids(氨基酸) formed by the partial hydrolysis(水解作用) of protein(蛋白质).

13、chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Peptone(蛋白胨)chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Chemical Content of Media Chemical content of media are various(多种多样的); They are classified into synthetic(合成的) ingredients and non-synthetic(非合成的) ingredients(成分); Natural media and synthetic media;chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Natural comounds(天然化合物天

14、然化合物)Peptone(蛋白胨)(蛋白胨)Beef extract(牛肉膏)(牛肉膏)Potato(土豆)(土豆)Bread(面包)(面包)chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Synthetic compounds(合成化合物合成化合物)NaclkH2PO4Mgso4chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法MediaUndefined media(天然培养基天然培养基) all natural resourcesChemical defined media all chemical compounds Semidefined media(半组合培养基半组合培养基) natural

15、 resources +chemical compoundschapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Media to Suit Every Functions Microbiologists have many types of media at their disposal(实验); Media are used for primary isolation,to maintain cultures in the lab,to detemine chemical and growth characteristics(特征) ,and for other functions; General

16、 media(基础培养基)、enriched meida(加富培养基)、selective and differential media(选择分化培养基)、chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Basal(general) media Basal media(基础培养基) are designed to grow as broad a spectrum(范围) of microbes as possible. Peptone (蛋白胨) Beef extract(牛肉膏) Nacl(氯化钠) Agar(琼脂) Water (水)chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Enriched

17、 media(加富培养基) An enriched media contains complex(复杂的) orgainc(有机物) substances such as blood ,serum(血清),hemoglbin (血色素),or special growth factors that certain species must have in order to grow.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法 When a media is prepared which have a nutrient constituent(成份) which encourage the g

18、rowth of particular bacteria or microbe is called enriched media, such as blood agar(血琼脂) and chocolate agar(巧克力琼脂). chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Examples of enriched mediachapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Selective Media(选择性培养基) A selective media contains one or more agents that inhibit(禁止) the growth of A microbe bu

19、t not B and therby encourages,or selcets B microbe and allow it to grow.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Comparison of Selective media and general mediachapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Example of selective mediachapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Differential media(鉴别培养基) Differential media grow several types of microorganisms and are

20、 desigened to display(展示) visible(可见的) differences among those microorganisms.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法EMB meida(伊红美蓝琼脂培养基)chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Media that differentiate characteristicschapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法A reducing medium contains a substance that absorbs oxygen(氧气)(氧气)Of slowing the penetration(渗透)

21、(渗透) of oxygen in a medium.Transport (运输)(运输) mediaare used to maintain and preserve specimens that have to be held for a period of time before analysis.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Carbohydrate fermentation in broths(肉汤)chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法INCUBATION,INSPECTION,AND IDENTIFECATION The usual temperatures

22、used in lab fall between 20 C and 40 C.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法 If you incubate in the liquid meida,you may see cloudiness(混浊 ),sediment (沉淀)and colour. A common manifestation(例证) of growth on solid media is the appearance of colonies(菌落).chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Liquid mediachapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Various

23、 conditions of cultureschapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法 A mixed culture is a container that holds two or more identified,easily differentiated(不同的) species of microorganism.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法InspectionIdentificationBiochemistry(生化) and molecular testschapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Maintenance and disposal of Cultu

24、res Disposed microorgansimsSterilizationBurningBoilingchapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法The Microscope:Window on an Invisible realmMicroscopeMagnificationShowing detailchapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法The pathway of light and the stages in magnification of a compound microscopechapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Effects of magnificatio

25、nchapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法The parts of a laboratory microscopechapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Principle of Light Microscopy The magnifying power of the objectives alone usually ranges from 4to 100,and the power of the ocular(视觉的) alone ranges from 10to 20.The total power of magnification of the final image forme

26、d by the combined lenses is a product of the separate powers of th two lens(透镜):chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法 Power of objective Usual power of ocularTotalmagnification=chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Resolution(分辨力) Resolution is th capacity of an optical system to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects or po

27、ints from one another.chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Resolving(分辨率)conditionresolvingNaked eyes0.2mmoptical microscope 0.2melectron microscope 0.2nmchapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法R.p.=Wavelength of light in nm(波长)/2*Numerical aperture(数值孔径)Numerical aperture=n*sin a/2n:折射率chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Effect of wavelength on

28、 resoltionchapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Working of an oil immersion lenschapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法PREPARING SPECIMENSFOR OPTICAL MICROSCOPES The condition of the specimen,either in a living or preserved(保存) state; The aims of the examiner,whether to observe overall structure,identify the micororganism,or see mo

29、vment; The type of microsopy abailable,whether is is bright-fiele(暗视野),phase-contrast(相差),or fluorescence(荧光).chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Preparing specimens(标本)Fresh,Living PreparationsFixed(固定)(固定),Stained(染色)(染色) SmearsSimple(简单)(简单) Versus Differential(鉴别)(鉴别) Stainingchapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Slide(载玻片)c

30、hapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Cover glass(盖玻片)chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法The making of smear(血涂片)chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法The flow of optical microscope(显微镜观察流程)Spreading a thin filmDryingFixationStainingObservingchapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Dark-Field Microscope(暗视野显微镜光路图)chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Negati

31、ve Versue Positive Staining Positive stain:the dys actually sticks to the specimen and gives it color; Negative stain:For bright field microscopy, negative staining is typically performed using a black ink fluid such as nigrosin.(苯胺黑) The specimen, such as a wet bacterial culture spread on a glass slide, is mixed with the negative stain and allowed to dry. When viewed with the microscope the bacterial cells, and perhaps their spores, appear light against the dark surrounding background chapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Types of microbiological stainschapter3实验室的工具研究微生物的方法Positive stai

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