2013年山东大学考博英语真题

1、2013年山东大学考博英语真题Part I Grammar and Vocabulary 1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that _ the speakers stopped for deferments. A. at large B. at intervals C. at ease D. at random 2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers checks, which provide a secure_ to carrying your money i

2、n cash. A. substitute B. selection C. inference D. alternative 3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character. A. gracious B. suspicious C. unique D. particular 4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this_produces artificial

3、 cold surrounding it. A. absorption B. transition C. consumption D. interaction 5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered_of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. A. Indistinctly B. separately C. irrelevantly D. independently 6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usua

4、lly celebrated on December 25th_the birth of Jesus Christ. A. in accordance with B. in terms of C. in favor of D. in honor of 7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must _the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand. A. improve B. enhance C

5、. guarantee D. gear 8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed _and means of packing. A. specimens B. inspections C. samples D. specifications 9. Many of the conditions that _population pressures - overcrowding, unemp

6、loyment, poverty, hunger and illness - lead to dissatisfaction. A. bring forward B. give rise to C. feed up with D. result from 10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily_for a month or a year as for a single day. A. put up B. stay up C. speed up D. make up 11. The fact th

7、at the earths surface heats_provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region. A. infrequently B. irregularly C. unsteadily D. uneverny 12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird _a set of actions to protect its offspring. A. hastens B. releases C. devises D. initiates 13

8、. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be_to tourist spending? A. attributed B. applied C. contributed D. attached 14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and _for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade

9、 when we grow old. A. ingredient B. reliance C. shelter D. inclination 15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to _wonderful bargains in the market. A. pick up B. bump into C. pile up D. bring back 16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree _because it can teach

10、them a great deal about many issues related with climate change. A. lively B. alive C. living D. live 17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City _shock and anger throughout the world. A. tempted B. provoked C. summoned D. enveloped 18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that _girls in s

11、chool was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today. A. enrolling B. assigning C. involving D. consenting 19. The UN official said aid programs will be _until there is adequate protection for relief personnel. A. multiplied B. arrested C. spanned D. suspend

12、ed 20. Despite almost universal_of the vital importance of womens literacy, education remains a dream for many women in far too many countries of the world. A. confession B. identification C. acknowledgement D. compliment 21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must

13、now _much of their food. A. deliver B. import C. produce D. develop 22. Because Jenkins neither _nor defends either management or the striking workers, both aides admire his journalistic A. criticizes.acumen B. attacksneutrality C. confrontsaptitude D. dismissesflair 23. Some anthropologists claim t

14、hat a few aps have been taught a rudimentary sign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only _their trainers. A. imitating B. condoning C. instructing D. acknowledging 24. It is ironic that the_insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mere A. oriinal cliches

15、 B. banal beliefs C. dubious habits D. philosophical-questions 25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable_, when weight loss if not stops. A. moods accelerates B. feasts halts C. holidays contracts D. plateaus slows 26. Since the authors unflattering references to her friends we

16、re so_, she was surprised that her_were recognized. A. laudatory styles B. obvious anecdotes C. oblique allusions D. critical eulogies 27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the erosion of religion herald the _of moraliy? A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. coll

17、apse 28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be _, and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species. A. learned immune to B. innate unaffected by C. intricate belong to D. specific confused with 29. Shaken

18、 by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy _at any price. A. order B. emancipation C. hope D. liberty 30. As a person who combines care with _, Marisa completed her duties with_as well as zeal. A. levity resignation B. enthusiasm meticulousness C. vitality willingne

19、ss D. empathy rigor Part Close The study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name _31_ , it combines biology and modern technology through such _32_ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, _33_ in agriculture and

20、 are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that _34_ disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. _35_ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised _36_ about genetically engineered crops. In n

21、ature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits, says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. A rose can be crossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will _37_ cross with a potato . Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from

22、 one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to _38_ a desired property or character. This could mean, _39_ , selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resista

23、nt. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes _40_ from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. _41_ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that _42_ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some call the gene revolution (44)contributes to the

24、problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies, or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, r

25、aise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial (50) , said science writer Jeremy Rifkin. 31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concer

26、ns D. advises 32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses 33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve 34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist 35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As 36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons 37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually 38.

27、A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect 39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case 40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken 41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence 42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary 43. A. what B. where C. as D. so 44. A. combin

28、es B.contributes C.commands D. breaks 45. A. that B.because C. if D. when 46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is 47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical 48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals 49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme 50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. d

29、estinations Part Reading Comprehension Passage 1 The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be all things to all people. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current cri

30、sis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a deg

31、ree. In short, driven by careerism, the nations colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students. The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated

32、core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most college

33、s do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most. Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to gra

34、duate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Addi

35、tionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications. 51. When a college tries to be all things to al people (Lines 1-2, Para. 1) it aims to _. A) satisf

36、y the needs of all kinds of students simultaneously B) focus on training students in various skills C) encourage students to take as many courses as possible D) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends 52. By saying that in too many academic fields, the work has no context (Lines 4-5

37、, Pare. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas _. A) ignores the actual situation B) is not based on the right perspective C) only focuses on an integrated core of common learning D) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students 53. One of the reasons for the curr

38、ent crisis in American colleges and universities is that _. A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many colleges B) students dont have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learn C) skills are being taught as a means to an end D) students are only interested in obtaining credentials 5

39、4. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates because _. A) most of them lack high-quality faculties B) the interests of most faculty members lie in research C) there are not enough incentives for students to study hard D) they attach greater impo

40、rtance to research and publication than to teaching 55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for _. A) putting academic work in the proper context来源： B) a commitment to students and effective teaching C) the practice of putting leaning to productive ends D) d

41、edication to research in frontier areas of knowledge 51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. B Passage 2 Endangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are in immediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth,

42、many more species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes of climate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of bot

43、h human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the worlds environments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes through natural selection. Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reason

44、s, but the primary cause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining animal

45、 populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes. Since the 1600s, commercial e

46、xploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases and parasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another important cause of their extinction. Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to

47、 save declining species. Laws were made in some countries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations. Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of

48、 wild animals and plants by regulating and restricting trade in certain species. How effective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施 ) and support by the people and the courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segments of society to

49、trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch and kill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection. 56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinct

50、ion of man species since the 17th century? A Human beings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species. B Some endangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution. C The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems. D The w

51、orlds climate has changed so greatly that most species cannot survive. 57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers to A the lands that are completely surrounded by water. B the wild animals breeding grounds protected by law C the pieces of land separated by modern buildi

52、ngs and roads. D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species. 58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinction of man species except A natural selection of species. B various natural disasters. C commercial trade and killing. D destruction of natural surr

53、oundings. 59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species? A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species. B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings. C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with

54、 the support of the people. D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals. 60 How does the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct? A Worried. B Optimistic. C Indifferent. D Confident. Passage 3 Those who welcomed the railway saw