英语独立主格结构讲练

1、英语独立主格结构讲练一、独立主格结构的特点独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。(2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。(3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构的用法它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。(1)作时间状语The workdone(=After the work had been done) , we wen

2、t home.工作完成后，我们才回家。(2)作条件状语Weatherpermitting(If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。(3)作原因状语An important lectureto be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的

3、演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。(4)作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, with his headcoveredby his hands.他躺在草地上，两手捂着头。(5)表补充说明A hunter came in, his facered with cold(=and his face was red with cold) .一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。三、使用独立主格结构的注意事项(1)当状语从句的主语与主句

4、的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。(2)在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：a.独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。b.在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we

5、 had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。(3)在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。(比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. )(4)独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如：The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.主编来

6、了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.）(5)独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。非谓语动词考试讲解关键点一：把握分词逻辑主语的概念分词属非谓语动词

7、，即不用作谓语的动词，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语，即逻辑主语。如：I often hear him singing this song.我经常听他唱这首歌。(him是singing的逻辑主语)Hearing the news, he couldnt help crying.听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”。如：I often hear this song sung.我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sin

8、g的逻辑宾语)I saw her being taken to the operating room.我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken的逻辑主语，但是take的逻辑宾语)关键点二：提防使用分词逻辑主语的错点分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语，否则会出错。请看下题：1.Finding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was asked to helpB. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhereD. she hurried to a policem

9、an for help此题答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是a policeman, the area, it等。在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动。如：2._ many times, he still didnt understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though to be toldC. Having toldD. He was told根据句意，he与tell应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并

10、列连词but，情况有所不同：3._ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though he was toldC. To have been toldD. He was told此题答案选D，句中的并列连词but表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明but前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。关键点三：牢记分词逻辑主语的特例一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况：1.某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以

11、与句子主语不一致。如：Generally speaking, women live longer than men.一般说来，女人比男人活得长。Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed.从你的话看，他应当能成功。Considering the distance, he arrived very quickly.考虑到路程，他到达得很快。Taking everything into consideration, you should leave.考虑到各种因素，你最好离开。2.当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时用作状语的分词短语可以与先

12、行主语不一致。如：Having so little time, there was not much that I could do.由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。Being French, its surprising that shes such a terrible cook.她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。3.当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题。如：Supposing she doesnt come, what shall we do?要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词，意为“假若”)Given their inexperience,

13、theyve done a good job.考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)4.当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。如：In doing such work, patience is needed.做这种工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)关键点四：注意分词的独立主格结构在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。如：误：Crossing the road, a car knocked hi

14、m down. ()正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car.过马路时他被车撞倒了。正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down.他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构，独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但是与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。如：The job finished, we went home.工作结束后我们就回家了

15、。The weather being fine, we went swimming.天气很好，我们就去游泳了。He being absent, nothing couldnt be done.由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。非谓语动词解题关键点一、利用主动和被动关系这里说的主动与被动关系，指的是非谓语动词所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。若是主动关系，非谓语动词就用主动式；若是被动关系，非谓语动词就用被动式。下面分三类举例说明：1.涉及不定式的主动与被动式(1)I feel greatly honored _ into their society. (北京卷)A.to welco

16、meB.welcomingC.to be welcomedD.welcomed答案为C。be (feel) honored后习惯上接不定式，故可排除B和D；又因为I与welcome之间为被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。(2)The message is very important, so it is supposed _ as soon as possible.A.to be sentB.to sendC.being sentD.sending答案为A。be supposed后习惯上不接动名词，而接不定式，其意为“应该做某事”，故可排除C和D；又因为“消息”与“传达”之间为被动关系，故用被动式

17、。2.涉及动名词的主动与被动式At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom. (全国II)A.opened and closedB.to be opened and closedC.being opened and closedD.to open and close答案为C。由于desks与open和close的关系是被动关系，故要用被动式，可排除D；又因为用于介词of后作宾语，所以要用动名词，不用不定式或过去分词，故可排除A和D，所以答案选C3.涉及现在分词的主动与被动

18、式_ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed. (北京卷)A.SeeingB.To seeC.SeeD.Seen答案为A。首先要排除B和C，因为B为不定式，它用于句首时，通常是表示目的，在此不合句意；而C为动词原形，选它会构成祈使句，一是句意不通，二是这样会导致前后两句之间没有连词而出错。在剩下的A和D之间，只能选seeing，不能选seen，因为句子主语是I与see之间为主动关系，而非被动关系。【注意】由于过去分词本身可以表示被动，所以过去分词不用被动式，同时它也没有被

19、动式。请看几道相关的考题：(1)The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road. (湖南卷)A.being blown downB.blown downC.blowing downD.to blow down答案为B。由于trees与blow down之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。blown down in the storm在此用作定语，修饰the trees，相当于定语从句which were blown down in the storm。(2)To learn English well, we should find opp

20、ortunities to hear English _ as much as we can. (江苏卷)A.speakB.speakingC.spokenD.to speak答案为C。由于English与speak之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。(3)We finished the run in less than half the time _. (江西卷)A.allowingB.to allowC.allowedD.allows答案为C。由于time与allow之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。in the time allowed意为“在规定的时间内”。二、利用动作的先后关系动作的先后关

21、系在选项中的直接体现为一般式还是完成式。一般说来，当非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，非谓语动词原则上要用完成式。1.涉及不定式的动作先后关系Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) _ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (重庆卷)A.is said to be buyingB.is said to have boughtC.had said to buyD.has said to have bought答案为B。“be said+不定式”是英语中

22、一个很有用的结构，其意为“据说”。其中的不定式是用一般式还是完成式，取决于该不定式所表示的动作是发生在谓语动作之前还是之后。根据句意可知，buy birds肯定发生在过去，或者说发生在is said之前，所以其中的不定式要用完成式，故答案选B。又如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.据说布朗先生死于肝癌。2.涉及动名词的动作先后关系I hear theyve promoted Tom, but he didnt mention _ when we talked onthe phone. (江西卷)A.to promoteB.havin

23、g been promotedC.having promotedD.to be promoted答案为B。由于动词mention后接动词作宾语时，习惯上要用动名词，不用不定式，故可排除A和D；再根据句意可知，句中的he与promote之间为被动关系，故要用被动式，同时，由于“被提拔”与“提到”之间有明显的先后关系，即“被提拔”在先，“提到”在后，故用动名词的完成被动式，即答案选B。3.涉及现在分词的动作先后关系(1)_ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nestfor the 2008 Olympic Game

24、s. (陕西卷)A.Having shownB.To be shownC.Having been shownD.To show答案为C。根据句意可知，“我们”与“带去参观”之间为被动关系，故应用非谓语动词的被动式，可排除A和D；再根据句中的then可知，前后动作有明显的先后关系，故先发生的动作要用完成式，故选C。(2)_ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. (重庆卷)A.FailB.FailedC.To failD.Having failed答案为D。根据语境分析，“用电话联系”与“发电子邮件”两个动作之间有明显的先后关系

25、，故先发生的动作要用完成式。练习：1.The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day.A.wateredB.wateringC.waterD.to water2.No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attractpeopleall over the world.A.performedB.performingC.to be performedD.being performed3._ many times, but he still didnt un

26、derstand it.A. Having been toldB. Though he was toldC. To have been toldD. He was told4._ many times, he still didnt understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though to be toldC. Having toldD. He was told5. The cave _ very dark, he lit some candles _ light.A. was; givenB. was; to giveC. being; givenD. bei

27、ng; to give6. The monitor _ ill, wed better put the meeting off.A. beingB. to beC. beenD. to have been7._ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.A. GivenB. To giveC. GivingD. Having given8.The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _

28、 for the day.A. finishingB.finishedC.had finishedD.were finished9.With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president ishaving a hardtime.A. settledB. settingC. to settleD. being settled10.In order to make our city green, _.A. it is necessary to have planted more treesB. many more trees

29、need to plantC. our city needs more treesD. we must plant more trees11. Before you decide to leave your job, _ the effect it will have onyour family.A.considerB.consideringC.to considerD.considered12.There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _.A. that;

30、to be improvedB. which; to be improvedC. where; improvingD. when; improving13.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign languagecame out in the 16th century.A. having writtenB. to be writtenC. being writtenD. written14.The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing15.The film star walked to his car, _ a crowd of journalists.A.followed byB.following byC.to followD.to be followed by16.Do not leave the building unless _