阅读理解和常考语法

1、Reading Comprehension 五种材料 说明文、记叙文、议论文、描写文、应用文 (尤其是新闻报道) 六种题型 主旨类 态度类 细节类 推理类 词汇类 指代类主旨类 (1)What is the main idea (subject) of this passage ? (2)What does this passage mainly (primarily) concerned ? (3)The main theme of this passage is _. (4)The main point of the passage is_. (5)Which of the followi

2、ng is the best title for the passage ? (6)The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _. (7)On which of the following subject would the passage most likely be found in a textbook ? (8)The purpose of the writer in writing this passage _. (9)Which of the following best describes the pass

3、age as a whole ? 应对策略 跳读（skimming） 文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。主旨应该是宏观的，但又不能失之空泛。 英语文章总分总的原则 从前不从后的原则态度类 (1)Whats the writers attitude to ? (2)Whats the tone of the passage? (3)The authors view is _ (4)The writers attitude of .this passage is apparently _- (5)The author suggests that _ (6)According to author

4、_ 应对策略 有的文章观点明确，基调清楚，这时跳读（skimming）文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。而另一些则需要阅读时对某些细节仔细琢磨。尤其应注意有些表明作者观点词汇，如形容词、副词等。文章最后一两段为重点。 optimistic, pessimistic, critical, appreciative, humorous, serious细节类 (1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? (2) Which of the following is mention

5、ed in the passage? (3) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? (4) The author mentions all of the following except . . . (5) The reason for . . .is . . . (6) The author states that . . . (7) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) . 应对策略 寻读（scanning）出现关键词的相应段落，

6、 四个答案中相同的词即为关键词。 仔细对比答案与文中相应细节。推理类 (1)The writer implies but not directly states that_. (2) It can be inferred from the passage that_. (3) The author strongly suggests that_ . (4) It can be concluded from the passage that_. (5) The passage is intended to_ . (6)The writer indicates that_ . 应对策略 推理类题，

7、可能是针对文章整体也可能是针对某个细节。如果是前者，跳读（skimming）文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。即可得出答案。如果是后者，寻读（scanning）相应段落并仔细研读相应细节。 词汇类 (1)According to the author ,the word “ means _. (2)Which of the following is nearest in meaning to ? (3)The term .in paragraph can be best replaced by . (4)Whats the meaning of in line of paragraph.?

8、(5)As used in the line , the word refers to _. 应对策略 寻读（scanning）定位相关词的出处。根据上下文与词的构造来猜测。最好将四个选项带回文中，看看哪一个最合适。即使不是生词，也应当作生词来猜。 指代类 (1)What does “it” refers to in Line 2, Paragraph 5? (2)What does “they” satnd for in Line 3, Paragraph 2? (3) What does “their” satnd for in Line 3, Paragraph 2? (4) What

9、does “its” refer to in Line 3, Paragraph 2? 应对策略 寻读（scanning），定位相关代词的出处， 离它最近且单复数一致的名词即是。 注意英语中“they”既可指代人也可指代物。专四常考语法点：一、主从句结构 何为主，何为从。做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构，如果已经有一个主句，那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句，除非中间有连接词进行联系。 1：_ , work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. (A) They occur w

10、here they are (B) Occurring where (C) Where they occur (D) Where do they occur 2: _Indiana is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center (A) Fort Wayne (B) Although Fort Wayne (C) For wayne is in (D) Fort Wayne, in二、谓语动词 正常句子中不可能没有谓语动词，句子可能存在一个谓语动词。 并列谓语动词中间一定存

11、在连接词。谓语动词有时态、数、人称的变化，与主语搭配。其他动词要非谓语化。 1：William Walkers mural, “Wall of Respect,” _an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with social issues. (A) covers (B) covers it (C) which covers (D) which it covers 2：In copper engravings and etchings, _caused by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on the pape

12、r. (A) the impression is (B) if the impression is (C) impressions (D) the impression三、平行结构 1：The technique of recording, classifying, and_ is known as accounting. (A) an enterprises transactions summary (B) the summarizing of an enterprises transactions (C) transactions of an enterprise are summariz

13、ed (D) summarizing the transactions of an enterprise 2. Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed ingenious orthopedic braces, _, and supervised the first use of Aureomycin on human patients. (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures (C) which pioneered

14、in treating skull fractures (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull fractures四、宾语从句结构 state(陈述，表明)+that indicate(指明,表明)+that 1：The quantum theory states _ , such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or photons. (A) energy that (B) that it is energy (C) it i

15、s energy (D) that energy 2：Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate_ yield when unusual weight is placed on them. (A) although its crust and mantle (B) its crust and mantle to (C) that its crust and mantle (D) for its crust and mantle to五、介词+ which结构 技巧：“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子，因为“which”在这

16、个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 “介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子，因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 1：In the United States, a primary election is a method _voters select the nominees for public office. (A) that (B) by which (C) is that (D) by those 2: Croquet is a popular lawn game _ players hit wooden balls through wire arches call

17、ed wickers. (A) when (B) which (C) is when (D) in which 六、in that结构 在表示“原因”概念的引导词中，because of +名词，consequently是副词,而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 1：Mercury differs from other industrial metals _ it is a liquid. (A) whereas (B) in that (C) because of (D) consequently Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unu

18、sual _travel over land and water on a layer of air. (A) they (B) in they (C) that they (D) in that they Emily Dickinsons garden was a place_ great inspiration for her poems. (A) that she drew (B) by drawing her (C) from which she drew (D) drawn from which七、what 结构 what=the thing that 1：The chief foo

19、ds eaten in any country depend largely on _ best in its climate and soil. (A) it grows (B) what grows (C) does it grow (D) what does it grow 2. During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became_ is now Indiana and Ohio. (A) there (B) where (C) that (D)

20、what八、同位语结构 形式一：主语同位语跟在主语之后，前后有两个逗号隔开。 1：The tongue , _, is an important aid in chewing and swallowing . (A) is the chief organ of taste (B) tasting the organ chiefly (C) the chief organ of taste (D) the organ chiefly tastes 考试形式二：主语同位语解释说明后面的名词 _, _(注意是一个逗号) 2：A prolific writer of prose and verse,

21、_ of Native Americans in her novel, Century of Dishonor. (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson (C) was Helen Hunt Jacksons cause (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. 3：Often very annoying weeds ,_and act as hosts to many insect pests. (A) tha

22、t crowd out less hardy plants than goldenrods (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods (C) the goldenrods crowding out of less hardy plants (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants 形式三：主谓宾后面出现一个名词，名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately _ from Marathon

23、to Athens. (A) the distance is (B) that the distance is (C) is that the distance (D) the distance九、比较结构 比较结构中要注意两点： 1、倒装性；2、对称性 1：Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than_ eastern Nebraska. (A) does (B) in (C) it does in (D) in it does 2： Hot objects emit_ do cold objects. (A) rays more th

24、an infrared (B) rays are more infrared than (C) more than infrared rays (D) more infrared rays than 3. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than_. (A) the domestic marketer has (B) the domestic marketer does (C) those of the domestic marketer (D) that

25、which has the domestic marketer The annual worth of Utahs manufacturing is greater than _. (A) that of its mining and farming combined (B) mining and farming combination (C) that mining and farming combined (D) of its combination mining and farming十、定语从句省略结构 关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 1：Most crocodiles will

26、 eat anything _ capture and overpower. (A) can (B) they can (C) which can (D) and 2：A majority of people in the United States can get all the calcium their bodies _ from the food they eat. (A) require (B) requires (C) requiring (D) to require 3：To produce one pound of honey , a colony of bees must f

27、ly a distance equals to twice around the world. “介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时，关系代词和be动词可以同时省略，剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 4： A neutron star forms when a star much more massive than the Sun dies and exploded. 十一、状语从句省略结构 Metals expand when they are heated. 简单一点，变成 Metals expand when heated. 这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件： 第一、从句

28、主语和主句主语必须保持一致；第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词，主语和be动词同进同出，比如上面的they和are要么同时省略，要么同时保留。 Although _ rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact. (A) apparently (B) are apparently (C) apparently their (D) are they apparently 。 though, although, even thought, wh

29、ile, if, when等引导状语从句，如果不使用完整的从句的话，这些词后面一定是形容词(分词)，主句（前从后主） 2：All marble is composed of crystals of the minerals calcite or dolomite, _, are perfectly white. (A) when, pure which (B) when, which pure (C) which, pure when (D) which, when pure 3：_relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient

30、 and needs servicing infrequently. (A) Even (B) It is (C) Even though (D) There is十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语 谓语动词用单数，系动词is 1：_by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating. (A) Eliminate problems (B) The eliminated problems (C) Eliminating problems (D) Problems are eliminated 2：_wooden bui

31、ldings helps to protect them from damage due to weather. (A) Painting (B) Painted (C) The paint (D) By painting 3：Scientists think _helps some tree to conserve water in the winter. (A) when losing leaves (B) leaves are lost (C) that losing leaves (D) the leaves losing十三、make结构 make +sth.(宾语) +形容词（宾语

32、补足语） 共有三种形式： make it possible+to do make it possible+that引导的从句 make possible sth (to do sth, doing sth. , that) 1：X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make _ details that are otherwise impossible to observe . (A) it visible (B) visibly (C) visible (D) they are visible 2：Using many symbol

33、s makes _ to put a large amount of information on a single map. (A) possible (B) it possible (C) it is possible (D) that possible十四、the more the more结构 “越.越” 三条规则： 1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话，可以省略 3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装，而第一个后面却不行 1：The stronger_ magnet, the gre

34、ater the number of lines of magnetic force. (A) of (B) the (C) is the (D) is of the 2：The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, _to the body. (A) the stress it is greater (B) greater is the stress (C) greater stress is (D) the greater the stress十五、结果状语 Thereby/

35、thus+doing 表示“从而怎么样” ，是表示结果的伴随状语结构。哪里错了？ 1：A microphone enables a soft tone to be amplified, thus making it possible the gentle renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. 。 2：The Smithsonian Institution preserves more than sixty-five million items of scientific, historical, or artistic inter

36、est, _winning the popular title, “attic of the nation.” (A) however (B) thus (C) and (D) moreover 3： Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby_ from freezing. (A) to save the seeds (B) saving the seeds (C) which saves the seeds (D) the seeds saved十六、形容词最高级省略结构 The crane i

37、s the tallest bird of the wading birds. 最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复，可以省略，句子简化成 1：The crane is _of the wading birds. (A) the tallest (B) the tallest that is (C) which is the tallest (D) which the tallest is 2：Cows are said to be the least intelligently of domestic animals. 哪里错啦？十七、过去分词作定语 这些动词往往过去式和过去分词一样，以致令人看不

38、出句子结构，比如： program, programmed, programmed 1：_ Wupatki National Monument in Arizona features structures built of red sandstone by ancestors of the Hopi people. (A) That the (B) In the (C) Around the (D) The 2：Antibodies _by small, round cells called lymphocytes and plasma cells. (A) to be made (B) ma

39、king (C) made (D) are made 3：Automatons programmed to perform a given task _ the flexibility and adaptability of human beings. (A) without (B) lack (C) minus (D) not having十八、逻辑主语结构 在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语，那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 1：Having been served lunch, _. (A) the problem was discussed by

40、the members of the committee (B) the committee members discussed the problem (C) it was discussed by the committee members the problem (D) a discussion of the problem was make by the members of the committee 2：_was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later, in 1834. (A) Settling Br

41、ooklyn, the Dutch (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 3：At thirteen_ at a district school near her home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her first article in print. (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane Hawes had (B) the

42、 teaching position was Mary Jane Hawes first (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching position (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching position 4： Even at low levels, _. (A) the nervous system has produced detrimental effects by lead (B) leads detrimental effects are producing the nervous

43、system (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the nervous system (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on the nervous system改错 5：The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. 十九、复合宾语 有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整，需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语。 We

44、 played soccer. We called him Bob. 这些动词叫做不完全及物动词 该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。 宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。 当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态，分别变为主语和主补。 一些经常使用宾补的动词 make, consider, call, elect, appoint We appoint him monitor. We elected him president. 1：Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not consider them _ because they are now primarily kept as pets. (A) where sporting dogs (B) sporting dogs (C) when sporting dogs (D) they are sporting dogs二十、It结构 一、强调句型 It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 原句：Ann bought these books last year. 强调宾语：It was these books that Ann bought last