长句、复句翻译(第七讲)

1、长句的翻译汉语与英语构句的不同特点 英语长句结构：英语长句结构： 主语主语+谓语谓语+修饰语修饰语 并列成分或并列句并列成分或并列句 短语或从句短语或从句 英语主谓关系非常明显，其他成分英语主谓关系非常明显，其他成分通过各种手段（介词、连词、关系通过各种手段（介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词）同主谓成分挂钩代词、关系副词）同主谓成分挂钩 汉语连接词相对少，使用频率也低，汉语连接词相对少，使用频率也低， 少用介词而多用动词少用介词而多用动词 结构松散，分句间缺乏应有的形式连结构松散，分句间缺乏应有的形式连接接 汉语构句注重意义连贯汉语构句注重意义连贯 逻辑顺序，先后及因果逻辑顺序，先后及因果原序翻

2、译： 按原来的句子顺序将原文译成英文，按原来的句子顺序将原文译成英文，而且原文是一个长句，译文保持长句而且原文是一个长句，译文保持长句的形式。原序翻译的基础是，中国人的形式。原序翻译的基础是，中国人和英美等西方人在和英美等西方人在思维方式上存在共思维方式上存在共性性。这家实业公司建于四年前，隶属上海工业技这家实业公司建于四年前，隶属上海工业技术发展中心，注重协调帮助所属企业进行生术发展中心，注重协调帮助所属企业进行生产技术的更新、老厂机制的转换，并且参与产技术的更新、老厂机制的转换，并且参与投资。投资。Set up four years ago, this Enterprises Corpor

3、ation is subordinate to the Industrial Technology Development Center of Shanghai. It helps to coordinate and assist subordinate enterprises in updating production t e c h n o l o g y a n d t o t r a n s f o r m mechanism of old factories, as well as taking part in capital investment.上海大众汽车公司是一家中德合资企

4、上海大众汽车公司是一家中德合资企业，去年汽车产量为十万辆，预计今业，去年汽车产量为十万辆，预计今年产量可再增加五万两。年产量可再增加五万两。Shanghai Volkswagon, a German-Sino joint venture which turned out 100,000 cars last year, is expected to increase production by 50.000.你可能知道中国一向坚持开放政策并对引进你可能知道中国一向坚持开放政策并对引进国外投资采取积极立场，以在平等互利的基国外投资采取积极立场，以在平等互利的基础上与其他国家扩大经济合作和技术交流。

5、础上与其他国家扩大经济合作和技术交流。You are probably aware that China has always persisted in an opening up policy and taken a positive stand to attract foreign investment, with a view to expanding economic cooperation and technical exchange with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.分译：拆句或断句。拆

6、句或断句。汉语句内关系不明汉语句内关系不明显显，英语通过使用，英语通过使用连词明确表现连词明确表现出来。汉语分句可独立成句，因出来。汉语分句可独立成句，因此英译时此英译时1. 透彻理解原文，体会思路，分析透彻理解原文，体会思路，分析句子内部关系句子内部关系2. 根据英语表达习惯重新分译根据英语表达习惯重新分译含以下句式则分译 疑问、感叹、反诘句疑问、感叹、反诘句 比方句比方句 概括句概括句 对立句对立句 阐述句阐述句 多层次意义多层次意义疑问、感叹、反诘句1. 许多人都说他是个笨蛋许多人都说他是个笨蛋, 但果真如此吗但果真如此吗?Many people say he is an ass. Bu

7、t is that so ?2. 应当承认应当承认, 每个民族都有它的长处每个民族都有它的长处, 不然它为什么能存在不然它为什么能存在? 为什么能发展为什么能发展?It must be admitted that every nation has its strongpoints. If not , how can it survive ? How can itprogress ? 中国学生很灵中国学生很灵, 一挥而就一挥而就, 洋教师阅后洋教师阅后,评出了最佳作文一篇评出了最佳作文一篇, 学生们听后大为不学生们听后大为不解解, 这种文章怎么能被评为这种文章怎么能被评为“最佳最佳”?His C

8、hinese students , quick at writing , finished the homework at one go and turned it in very soon. He went through the papers and picked the one that he thought the best . When he read it out to the students, they were generally perplexed. Of all the comments, why did he like this one best? 几千年来，形成老者自

9、以为经验丰富而鄙薄几千年来，形成老者自以为经验丰富而鄙薄少年为处事幼稚，而少年自以为活力充沛而少年为处事幼稚，而少年自以为活力充沛而蔑视老者为老朽昏庸。这真是偏颇的见地！蔑视老者为老朽昏庸。这真是偏颇的见地！ For thousands of years it has been assumed that the aged, thinking themselves experienced and more skillful, look down upon the young for their greenness in worldly affairs, while the young, thin

10、king themselves fresh in life and more energetic, call the aged old fogies. Either of these views, of course, is far from being impartial.概括句农民的生活水平不断提高农民的生活水平不断提高，大部分农民已解决，大部分农民已解决了温饱问题，不少农民已过上小康生活。了温饱问题，不少农民已过上小康生活。The living standard of farmers has been continuously improving. The majority have s

11、olved the problem of ample food and clothing and quite a few have already been moderately better off.父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐, 她的男朋友她的男朋友是什么样的人是什么样的人, 父亲一看就知道。父亲一看就知道。After all , father has eaten more salt than she over the years. He will be able to tell at a glance whether her boyfriend is a man of

12、 character.另一种态度另一种态度, 学习的时候用脑筋想一想学习的时候用脑筋想一想,学那些和学那些和我国情况适合的东西我国情况适合的东西, 即吸取对我们有益的经验即吸取对我们有益的经验, 我们需要的是这样一种态度。我们需要的是这样一种态度。The other attitude is to use our heads and learn those things which suit our conditions , that is , to absorb whatever experience is useful to us. That is the attitude we shoul

13、d adopt .他很少乘车坐船他很少乘车坐船, 几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭, 长途跋长途跋涉涉; 为了弄清大自然的真相为了弄清大自然的真相, 他总是挑选道路艰险他总是挑选道路艰险的山区、人迹稀少的森林进行考察的山区、人迹稀少的森林进行考察, 发现了许多发现了许多奇山秀景。奇山秀景。He would walk across hills and dales , and trudge long distances to find out the true features of the great world of nature. He would venture far out i

14、nto mountainous areas with the most treacherous trails and into jungles seldom visited by human beings. The reward for his work was the discovery of many fantastically beautiful scenes.对立句你们的人参酒质量很好，但包装较差，瓶子你们的人参酒质量很好，但包装较差，瓶子易碎，纸盒太薄，对我们今后的订货，请每易碎，纸盒太薄，对我们今后的订货，请每瓶套一只泡沫塑料套，并装在较厚的纸盒内，瓶套一只泡沫塑料套，并装在较厚的

15、纸盒内，否则我们只能放弃这个业务。否则我们只能放弃这个业务。The quality of your Ginseng Wine is fine, but its packing is rather poor. Bottles are subject to breakage and the paper boxes are too thin. In our future orders, please put each bottle in a foamed plastic bag before placing it into the cardboard box. Otherwise, we will

16、have to give up this business. 这种经营方式的特点是共同投资，共同管理，共这种经营方式的特点是共同投资，共同管理，共负盈亏，可使双方的关系更为密切，协作更为加负盈亏，可使双方的关系更为密切，协作更为加强，对双方都是有利的。强，对双方都是有利的。 The features of this form of business are joint investment, joint management and joint share in profits and losses. These will be beneficial to both parties in th

17、at their relation will be more close and the cooperation be strengthened.我在学堂里坐着我在学堂里坐着, 心里也闷心里也闷, 不如给他家放不如给他家放牛牛, 倒快活些。倒快活些。I feel sitting in school boring anyway. Id rather look after our neighbors buffaloes.前半部分是我在学校里感到闷前半部分是我在学校里感到闷, 后半部分后半部分是给他家看牛感到快活。译者在中间处断句是给他家看牛感到快活。译者在中间处断句, 使使两部分内容对比更加清晰。

18、两部分内容对比更加清晰。阐述句要解决问题要解决问题, 还需做系统而周密的调查研究还需做系统而周密的调查研究, 这这就是分析的过程。就是分析的过程。In order to solve the problem , it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation. This is the process of analysis.各种语言嘈杂极了各种语言嘈杂极了, 有的在吵架有的在吵架, 有的在患难中有的在患难中谈爱谈爱, 真是一个热闹的世界。真是一个热闹的世界。People quarreled , and lovers

19、, in spite of the hard times , talked to each other affectionately in a babel of languages. It was a very lively place. 中国目前的教育制度可以分为四个阶段：学中国目前的教育制度可以分为四个阶段：学前教育，也就是托儿所和幼儿园阶段，然后前教育，也就是托儿所和幼儿园阶段，然后从六岁开始六年小学，六年中学和四年大学。从六岁开始六年小学，六年中学和四年大学。 At present, Chinese educational system can be divided into four

20、 stages. Preschool education refers to the period of going to nurseries and kindergartens. School age begins at six. Primary school lasts for six years, so does the secondary education. It takes four years for students to finish tertiary education/to complete college education.长句含多层意思时分译，使长句含多层意思时分译

21、，使关系更清晰关系更清晰 我们工厂引进了最先进的工艺和设备来提高我们工厂引进了最先进的工艺和设备来提高印花行业的技术，我们倡导高科技和高生产印花行业的技术，我们倡导高科技和高生产力，产品质量稳定，花样美观，另外我们还力，产品质量稳定，花样美观，另外我们还坚持高产低耗的原则。坚持高产低耗的原则。 Our factory has enhanced the printing technology by bringing in the most advanced workmanship and equipment. We advocate sophisticated technology and hi

22、gh productivity. Our products enjoy stable quality and beautiful patterns. In addition, we adhere to the principle of low cost and high output.华大妈在枕头底掏了半天华大妈在枕头底掏了半天, 掏出一包洋钱掏出一包洋钱, 交给老栓交给老栓, 老栓接了老栓接了, 抖抖的装入衣袋抖抖的装入衣袋, 又在外面按了两下又在外面按了两下, 便点便点上灯笼上灯笼, 吹熄灯盏吹熄灯盏, 走向里屋去了。走向里屋去了。(鲁迅鲁迅药药)After some fumbling u

23、nder the pillow , his wifeproduced a packet of silver dollars which she handed over. Old Chuan pocketed it nervously , patted his pocket twice , then lighting a paper lantern and blowing out the lamp , went into the inner room.变序翻译 汉英两民族思维方式上有差异，汉英两民族思维方式上有差异，汉语重时汉语重时间先后，因果间先后，因果，英语则可按顺序也可逆顺英语则可按顺序也

24、可逆顺序排列句内语义成分序排列句内语义成分，因此有需要适当调，因此有需要适当调整以符合英语表达习惯。整以符合英语表达习惯。 因此因此,如果要使学生充分利用他们如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学上大学)的机会的机会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导作更多的指导,这个问题显得越来越重要了这个问题显得越来越重要了 It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will h

25、ave to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 1974年年8月研究所接到指示说月研究所接到指示说,如果研究如果研究成果能应用于市场预测成果能应用于市场预测,则研究工作可继则研究工作可继续进行。续进行。 In August 1974, the Institute was instructed to carry on its research on the condition that the result of which did have a usefulness for market forec

26、ast. 合资企业的产品可有一部分在国内市场销售，合资企业的产品可有一部分在国内市场销售，但为能满足合资企业再生产和其他方面对外汇但为能满足合资企业再生产和其他方面对外汇的需要，至少应有的需要，至少应有70%的产品外销以赚取外汇。的产品外销以赚取外汇。A proportion of the products of the joint venture may be sold in the domestic market while at least 70% of the products should be exported to obtain foreign exchange to meet

27、its need for foreign currencies and reproduction.汉语复句英译汉语复句英译复句是由两个或两个以上意义上相关，结构上互复句是由两个或两个以上意义上相关，结构上互不作句子成分的小句组成。不作句子成分的小句组成。例：睡了一整天，他仍然没有恢复体力。天气闷热，下着小雨。复句是汉语篇章中频繁出现的句式。复句是汉语篇章中频繁出现的句式。按邢福义（2000）分类标准，汉语复句按其关系可分为三大类，通常由标明关系的关系词语来表示其类别。1 因果类复句。包括：1）因果句（因为.所以.,（之）所以.（就/是）因为.，.因为.，越.越）2）推断句（既然那么/就.，.可

28、见.，与其.不如.)3) 假设句（如果.那么/就.，如果.，要不是.就.，如果说.那么.)4) 条件句（只有才，只要就.，必须.才，除非才，只要）5）目的句（以便，以免）2 并列类复句1）并列句（既也.，又又，也也，一边一边，一方面一方面，不是而是，是而不是）2）连贯句（接着，然后）3）递进句（不但而且，不仅就连.，不但反而，固然更）4）选择句（或者或者，不是就是，要么要么，是还是）3 转折类复句1）突转句（但是，可是，然而，只是）2）让步句（虽然但是，即使也，无论都，宁可也）3）假转句（否则，要不然）有时复句中的关系词语隐含不显。如：那所学校越办越好，这所学校越办越差。睡了一整天，他仍然没有

29、恢复体力。在翻译中，有必要添加相应关系词语表示这在翻译中，有必要添加相应关系词语表示这种关系。种关系。英语句子按结构分类，也可分为简单句（simple sentence) 和复杂句（multiple sentence).简单句指只包含一个主谓结构而且各个成分均由词组构成的句子。例如：The students have made better grades in the past few weeks.The boy can stay in the room for a few minutes.复杂句又分为并列句（compound sentence)和复合句(complex sentence)。两

30、个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句。例如：Miss Lindstorm came to the party, but Mr and Mrs Sherman did not.Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and the latecomers had to wait outside.若某个句子成分直接由从属成分表示，那么这种句子便不是简单句而是复合句。例如：The students would have made better grades if they had studied har

31、d.The boy can stay in the room as long as he keeps quiet.What he said is not true.I didnt understand what he meant. 译成简单句译成简单句：先有口语，后有笔语。Written language comes after spoken language.要不是下雨，我们早就出门了。We would have gone out long ago but for the rain.尽管他家境贫困，但他没有辍学。He didnt drop out of school despite his

32、poverty-stricken family.尽管他说对我们的想法颇感兴趣，我们并未太当真，因为我们怀疑他仅仅是沽名钓誉。We didnt take his expression of interest in our ideas too seriously, for we suspected that he was merely angling for praise. 中国是联合国的创始国，我们一向信守联合国宪章和国际法准则。 As a founding member of the united states, China has always abided by UN Chapter an

33、d international laws. 译成并列句：译成并列句：年老的剧作家为年轻的演员出谋划策，有前途的艺术家向公认的天才挑战，自诩的诗人奉迎巴结文学名流。Old playwrights advise young actors, promising artists question acknowledged geniuses, would-be poets fawn over literary lions. 这对夫妇不久前添置了一套新家具，现在又买了辆新车，他们家的情况一定是好转起来了。This couple had a new suite of furniture not so lon

34、g ago, and now they have got a new car; things must be looking up with them.这场球打输了，一方面是由于对方实力较强，一方面也是因为我们没有配合好。We lost the game because, for one thing, our opponents were quite strong and, for another, our teamwork was poor.老王一声不吭地站在那里，因为他正怒火中烧呢。Old Wang stood there speechless, for he was burning wi

35、th anger.他们一方面很想去医院看望班长，一方面又怕影响他休息。On the one hand, they wanted very much to visit their monitor in hospital; on the other hand, they didnt want to disturb him.他既听不见，也几乎不能讲话。Ha cant hear and he can hardly speak either.师部连夜召开会议，可见军情十分紧急。The division headquarter held a meeting all through the night, i

36、t is evident that the military situation is critical.把温度调低，要不然蛋糕就会烧煳的。Turn the heat down, or else your cake will burn.赶快给他发个短信，要么打个长途也行。Send him a short message at once, or give him a long-distance call.要么她来，要么我去，我们总得碰个头。Either she comes here or I go there, in any case, we have got to see each other

37、.令我感到精神抖擞的与其说是与我一生中交往的大多数人相遇，不如说是见到你的来信。I am more alive in the presence of a letter from you than in the company of most of the people I encountered in my life. 译成复合句：译成复合句： 以状语形式译之：以状语形式译之： 时间状语：时间状语：他妻子拿着一个盘子走过去，他连一句话也没跟他说。He said no word to his wife as she passed with a plates.扣除收入所得税和房屋修缮费，这几间小别

38、墅的租金收入是微不足道的。The amount which is brought in by the rents of those few cottages is almost negligible when income tax and cost of repairs are deducted.我们刚要说话，她就哭了。We had hardly uttered the words when she began crying.我们刚到雨就停了。We had no sooner arrived than the rain stopped.还得有段时间，我们才能知道全部的结果。It will be

39、 some time before we can know the full results.人们提醒房东注意楼梯的危险情况，房东即刻答应修一修。As soon as the proprietors attention was called to the dangerous state of the staircase, he promised to have it repaired at once.条件状语：条件状语：如果是20年前来到张家界国家森林公园，泥泞的山路可能会让游客的兴致打一些折扣。If you visited the Zhangjiajie National Forest Pa

40、rk twenty years ago, the muddy mountain paths might make the trip less pleasant.绑架者扬言要做了他，如果他不告诉他们秘密文件藏在哪里的话。His kidnappers threatened to kill him if he did not tell them where the secret papers were hidden.除非英格兰队改进打法，否则他们将输掉比赛。Unless England improved their game, they are going to lose the game.要不是他

41、们勇敢地抢救国家财产，那损失可就大了。If it werent for their courage in rescuing the state property, the loss would have been enormous.原因状语：原因状语：办公室里的工作开展得有条不紊，因为三四个雇员配合得很默契。Things always went smoothly in the office because the three or four clerks that are employed worked in with one another.由于订货减少，公司正要裁减一批雇员。Owing t

42、o the falling off of orders, the firm is having to sack a number of its employees.目的状语：目的状语：主任把手下集合起来，以便简单介绍一下情况。The director called his team together so that he could brief them.为了克服交通困难，建议各公司错开上班时间。In order to overcome transport difficulties. It is suggested that firms should stagger working hours. 让步状语：让步状语：尽管她还年轻，她已经明确了自己的职业定向。Young as she is, she already knows what career she wants to follow.尽管我很喜欢你，但我不能和你生活在一起。Much as I like you, I couldnt live with you.无论他说什么，你都不要相信他。Dont trust him, no matter what he says. 地点状语：地点状语：不管他走