AbstractWriting英语摘要写作PPT课件

1、Functions of AbstractsTo help readers identify articles of interestTo outline the main points of an articleTo guide the reading of longer documentsAn important measure for retrieving papers and for promoting the international sic-tech exchange第1页/共50页Types of Technical Abstract According to their fu

2、nctions: 1. Descriptive abstract tells what the full report contains. helps busy readers decide whether they need or want the information in the report enough to read it entirely.e.g.The purpose of this report is to examine the relationship between bacteria and gastritis. Results of a clinical study

3、 of the presence of Campylobacter bacilli are reported. 第2页/共50页Types of Technical Abstract 2. Evaluative Abstract (book review) To analyze the accuracy, completeness, usefulness, appeal, and readability of a piece of writing. E.g. The article “Take Charge of Your Life” describes four strategies for

4、 turning adversity to advantage. The article is thought provoking, with each strategy described in detail and with examples.第3页/共50页4英文摘要的类型 指示性文摘（Indicated Abstracts） 指示型摘要也称为介绍型摘要或陈述型摘要，它只是简要地介绍论文的论题，仅使读者对论文主要内容有一些概括了解。一般那不介绍方法、结果、结论的具体内容，不包含任何数据。它仅指出论文的综合内容，适用于综述性文献，图书介绍及编辑加工过的专著等。第4页/共50页5英文摘要的类

5、型 Use of Rank Order Distributions for Estimation of Probabilities of Rare Events Abstract: Rank order distributions and the corresponding estimation problem are discussed. Their application to the study of rare events is considered. Examples are given of the application of the simplest of these dist

6、ributions in predicting the occurrence of rare events. 第5页/共50页6英文摘要的类型 Use of Rank Order Distributions for Estimation of Probabilities of Rare Events 摘 要：本文讨论了从大到小的分布以及相应的估值问题，并考虑它们在稀少事件研究中的应用，提供了一些分布的最简单形式在预测稀少事件发生方面的应用实例。 第6页/共50页Types of Technical Abstract 3. Informative Abstract To inform, to p

7、resent the principal facts and conclusions given in the original work. Sic-tech paper abstracts are usually written in this form. E.g. Title: Composing Letters With a Simulated listening Typewriter第7页/共50页 信息性文摘（Information Abstracts）（1）目的：主要说明作者写此文章的目的，或说本文主要要解决的问题。（2）过程及方法：主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也包括众多

8、的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。（3）结果：作者在此工作过程最后得到的结果和结论，如有可能，尽量提一句作者所得结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。第8页/共50页 摘要：本实验的目的是要确定一台尚不完善的听写打字机能否用来写信（目的）。实验者口授信函时，有时一字一字口授，有时是连续话语口授。他们口授时，听写打字机便做模拟工作；听写打字机有的能识别有限量词语，有的则能识别无限量词语。（方法） An aim of the experiment is to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be useful for compos

9、ing letters. Participants dictated, either in isolated words or in consecutive word speech. This was carried out with stimulations of listening typewriter that recognized either a limited vocabulary or an unlimited vocabulary. 第9页/共50页 结果表明，即使第一次使用听写打字机，有一些样信的效果就和传统耳听、手写的效果一样好（实验结果）。具有大量词汇的逐词口授将成为可用

10、的听写打字机的依据。 （结论） Results show that some version, even upon first using them, are at least as good as traditional methods of handwriting and dictating. Isolated word speech with large vocabularies may provide the basis for a useful listening type writer.第10页/共50页Abstract Writing 1. background: introdu

11、ces the present situation or problems (in present tense) 2. purpose: (in past tense) 3. method: (in past tense) 4. results: (in past tense) 5. conclusion: give analysis, comparison or application of the results, or raises questions, recommendations or predictions on the basis of the results. (in pre

12、sent tense)第11页/共50页 E.g. Model Study of Anchored Pavement 1. Roadways constructed of conventional pavement are subject to deformations after prolonged use. 2. The objective of the lab model study of an anchored pavement was to investigate construction problems and to develop specifications for a fu

13、ll-scale test. 3. the study compared 1/20-scale anchored pavement and conventional slabs of similar dimensions. 4.The model test results were compared with results from finite-element analysis. .5. These findings indicate that an anchored slab offers distinct advantages over a conventional slab.第12页

14、/共50页Reduced Abstract 1. purpose and method of the study 2. results 3. conclusions or/ and recommendations第13页/共50页Guidelines for Informative Abstract Keeping abstracts concise Using a logical order Avoid descriptive expression Avoiding evaluation Avoiding personal and emotional expression第14页/共50页1

15、5英文摘要的风格 文体风格（styles）（1）文摘叙述要简明，逻辑性要强；（2）句子结构严谨完整，尽量用短句子；（3）技术术语尽量用工程领域的通用标准；（4）用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述 作者结论；（5）可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式； 如：用“Thickness of plastic sheets was measured”第15页/共50页16英文摘要的风格（6）注意冠词用法，分清a是泛指，the是专指；如 “Pressure is a function of temperature”不应是“Pressure is a function of the temperatu

16、re ”（7）避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词，可用预置短语分开或用连字符（hyphen）断开名词词组，作为单位形容词（一个形容词）。第16页/共50页17英文摘要的风格（8）不使用俚语，外来语表达概念，应用标准英语；（9）尽量用主动语态代替被动语态； 如 “A exceed B” 优于 “B is exceeded by A”（10）语言要简练，但不得使用电报语言；第17页/共50页18英文摘要的风格（11）文词要纯朴无华，不用多姿多态的文学性 描述手法；（12）组织好句子，使动词尽量靠近主语；（13）删繁从简；如用 increase 代替 has been found to incre

17、ase第18页/共50页19英文摘要的风格（14）用重要的事实开头，尽量避免用辅助从句开头；例如用：“ Power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally” 而不用 “ From data obtained experimentally，power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined”第19页/共50页20英文摘要的风格（15）文摘中涉及他人的工作或研究成果时，尽量列出他们

18、的名字；（16）文摘词语拼写，用英美拼法都可；但每篇中应保持一致；（17）题目中尽量少用缩略词，必要时亦需在括号中注明全称，特殊字符及希腊字母在题目中尽量不用，或少用。 第20页/共50页21英文摘要的典型例句 介绍文章作者的观点和研讨课题内容的语句 1. 文章内容与作者观点的常用语句 2. 文章研究课题的常用语句 3. 文章涉及的范围 4. 综述与概括某一个领域的研究课题的常用语句 5. 文章重点的常用语句 6. 文章目的常用的语句第21页/共50页22英文摘要的典型例句 1. 文章内容与作者观点的常用语句 常用词语有：deal with; describe; explain; illust

19、rate; introduce; present; report 等 (1) Performance goals and measuring methods are briefly described. 简述了性能目标与测量方法第22页/共50页23英文摘要的典型例句 1. 文章内容与作者观点的常用语句 (2) The applications of this technique to nuclear detection are illustrated. 说明了这种技术对核探测的应用。 (3) The basic concepts and data collected are presente

20、d. 给出了基本概念与收集的数据。 第23页/共50页24英文摘要的典型例句2. 文章研究课题的常用语句 常用的词语有：analyze, consider, develop, discuss, investigate, state, study等 (1) The main experimental problems are also analyzed with such ultra-low-frequency measurements. 用这种超低频测量，也分析了主要的实验问题。第24页/共50页25英文摘要的典型例句2. 文章研究课题的常用语句 (2) The relationship be

21、tween mass and energy in nature is stated briefly. 简述了自然界中质量与能量的关系。 (3) The continuity of this function is studied under a certain boundary condition. 研究了这个函数在某一边界条件下的连续性。第25页/共50页26英文摘要的典型例句3. 文章涉及的范围 常用词语有：consist of, contain, cover, include等 (1) This article consists of four parts: introduction,

22、theory, experimental method and conclusion. 本文由引言、理论、实验方法和结论四部分组成。第26页/共50页27英文摘要的典型例句3. 文章涉及的范围 (2). The configuration, structural and results of a parametric structural optimization analysis are contained. 本文包含一种参数结构优化分析的构成、结构优化和结果。 (3) DSP products and specifications are covered in the scope of t

23、he research. 本研究的范围涉及DSP的产品和规格。第27页/共50页28英文摘要的典型例句4. 综述与概括某一个领域的研究课题的常用语句 常用词语：abstract, outline, review, summary等 (1) The experimental technique for the measurement of these properties is outlined only. 对测量这些特性的实验技术仅作概要叙述。 第28页/共50页29英文摘要的典型例句4. 综述与概括某一个领域的研究课题的常用语句 (2) The theory based on materia

24、ls science is summarized briefly. 简单概述了基于材料科学的理论。 (3) The design planning to be used is summarized in detail. 详细地总结了要采用的设计规则。 第29页/共50页30英文摘要的典型例句5. 文章重点的常用语句 常用词语有：be, concentrate, focus, give, pay等 常用的句型有：attention is concentrated on, there is a focus on, attention is paid to, the emphasis is on(1

25、) Attention is concentrated on grasping the quantum theory. 重点是在掌握量子理论上。 第30页/共50页31英文摘要的典型例句5. 文章重点的常用语句 (3) Particular attention is given to the evaluation of the economic current density in the conductors. 本文注重对导体中经济电流密度的评估。 (4) The greatest emphasis is on the peaceful utilization of nuclear ener

26、gy. 本文的重点在于核能的和平利用。 第31页/共50页32英文摘要的典型例句6. 文章目的常用的语句 常用的词语有：aim, objective, purpose, seek等。此外，经常要用不定式做表语或谓语动词的目的状语来表示目的。(1) The main objective of this study is to determine 本研究的主要目标是 (2) The purpose of this research / study is to 本研究的目的是 第32页/共50页33英文摘要的典型例句6. 文章目的常用的语句(3) The aim of this research i

27、s to carry out the critical experiment and obtain important critical parameters on the zero power reactor. 此研究的目的是在零功率反应堆上进行临界实验，并获得重要的临界参数。第33页/共50页34英文摘要的典型例句 介绍文章成果的语句 1. 成果的获取和开发等常用的词语 2. 观察和指示的常用词语 3. 运算和计量的常用词语 4. 应用与用途的常用词语 5. 评估与比较的常用词语 6. 实验与试验的常用词语 第34页/共50页35英文摘要的典型例句 介绍文章成果的语句 7. 论证与依据的常

28、用词 8. 推荐与建议的常用词语 9. 结论的常用语句 介绍进一步研究的必要性的语句 第35页/共50页36英文摘要的典型例句1. 成果的获取和开发等常用的词语 常用的词语：achieve, construct, derive, design, develop, establish, give, improve, obtain, produce, provide, realize, record, reduce, solve 等第36页/共50页37英文摘要的典型例句1. 成果的获取和开发等常用的词语(1) The special equations are derived based on

29、the quantum theory. 基于量子理论，推导了这些特殊的方程式。(2) This paper provides an ideal source of radiation for an optical communication system. 本文为光通信系统提供了一种理想的辐射源。第37页/共50页38英文摘要的典型例句2. 观察和指示的常用词语 常用词语有：demonstrate, exhibit, find, indicate, observe, point out, show 等(1) A great improvement in sensitivity and re-p

30、roductivity is showed in the results by using this method. 这些结果表明，使用此方法能使灵敏度和再现性有很大的改善。 第38页/共50页39英文摘要的典型例句3. 运算和计量的常用词语 常用词语：calculate, determine, estimate, measure (1) The model parameters are estimated by using a recursive extended least square method. 用递归扩展最小二乘法估算了模型参数。(2) The deviation in each

31、 method is carefully estimated. 仔细地估计了每种方法的误差。第39页/共50页40英文摘要的典型例句4. 应用与用途的常用词语 常用词语有：apply, use 等。(1) The developed technique was applied to ambient air and automobile exhaust analysis. 将研究所得的技术应用与环境空气和汽车废气的分析。(2) These facilities are used to develop computer hardware for several projects. 这些方法被用来为

32、若干项目研制计算机硬件。 第40页/共50页41英文摘要的典型例句5. 评估与比较的常用词语 常用词语：agree with, assess, compare, evaluate (1) The calculated results agree with experimental results with regard to the effects of noise on signal amplitude. 就噪声对信号幅度的影响而言，计算结果与实验 结果一致。第41页/共50页42英文摘要的典型例句5. 评估与比较的常用词语 (1) Various rate and energy param

33、eters were evaluated. 本文估算了各种速率和能量参数。(2) The used assumptions are evaluated by comparison with measurement results 通过与实验结果比较，对所用的假设进行了评审。第42页/共50页43英文摘要的典型例句6. 实验与试验的常用词语 常用的词语有：experiment, test等(1) The accuracy of the five solutions is tested by comparing them with the exact modal solution. 通过与准确模态解的比较，对这5种解的准确性进行了试验。第43页/共50页44英文摘要的典型例句7. 论证与依据的常用词 常用词语：base on, be based on, take as reference等(1) Methods of ana