castles城堡世界解析PPT教学课件

1、10/22/2021 What is the castle? How were the castles constructed? How did the castles develop? Do you konw some famous castles? QuestionsQuestions第1页/共21页10/22/2021Denifinition and EtymologyDenifinition and Etymology（词源） A castle is a fortified structure built in Europe and the Middle East during the

2、 Middle Ages by nobility. The word castle is derived from the Latin word castellum which means fortified place.The word castle was introduced into English shortly before the Norman Conquest to indicate this type of building, which was then new to England.第2页/共21页10/22/2021Motte and Bailey CastlesMot

3、te and Bailey Castles an artificial mound called a motte.（土墩） The bailey was the courtyard within the walls of the castle. (城堡外庭) 第3页/共21页10/22/2021DrawbridgeDrawbridge（吊桥） A wooden bridge that led to a gateway and was capable of being raised or lowered.第4页/共21页10/22/2021MoatsMoats（护城河） Water, or a

4、wide ditch（沟渠）, very often surrounded the castles.第5页/共21页10/22/2021TurretsTurrets（炮塔） and Towers and Towers（塔楼） A castle turret was a small tower rising above and resting on one of the main towers, usually used as a look out point. 第6页/共21页10/22/2021BattlementsBattlements（城垛） A narrow wall built al

5、ong the outer edge of the wall to protect soldiers agains tattack.第7页/共21页10/22/2021GatehouseGatehouse( (城楼城楼) ) The gatehouse guarded the entrance of the castle or its town. The portcullis （吊闸门）inside the gatehouse was extremely heavy and was used to seal off the entrance.第8页/共21页10/22/2021Arrow Sl

6、itsArrow Slits（箭缝） A narrow vertical （垂直的）slit cut into a wall through which arrows could be fired from inside.第9页/共21页10/22/2021KeepKeep（城堡主楼） The inner stronghold of the castle was called the keep.第10页/共21页10/22/2021Concentric CastlesConcentric Castles（同轴城堡） Concentric castles would have two circu

7、its（圈） of walls and flanking towers. The inner wall would be higher than the outer.第11页/共21页10/22/2021A Castles FunctionA Castles Function Fortress（堡垒） and military protection Center of local government Home of the owner, usually a king第12页/共21页10/22/2021Brief history of castles Brief history of cas

8、tles 9th and 10th centuries T h e b r e a k d o w n o f t h e Carolingian Empire led to the privatisation of government, and local lords assumed responsibility for the economy and justice. 第13页/共21页10/22/2021 11th century Despite the common period in which castles rose to prominence in Europe, their

9、 form and design varied from region to region. In the early 11th century, the motte and keep are the most common form of castle in Europe. While Britain, France, and Italy shared a tradition of wood construction in castle architecture, Spain more commonly used stone or mud-brick as the main building

10、 material.第14页/共21页10/22/2021 Until the 12th century, stone-built and earth and wooden castles were contemporary,but by the late 12th century, the number of castles being built went into decline. Until the late 12th century ,castles generally had few towers; a gateway with few defensive features suc

11、h as arrowslits or a portcullis(吊闸门). a newly constructed castle : polygonal（多边形的）in shape, with towers at the corners to provide fire for the walls. 12th century第15页/共21页10/22/202113th to 15th centuries In the early 13th century, Crusader castles were mostly built by Military Orders.The Crusades also led to the introduction of machicolations（炮眼） into Western architecture. Concentric castles were widely copied across Europe. The greatest period of castle building in Spain was in the 11th to 13th centuries, and they were most commonly found in the disputed borders between Christian