chaptervocabularylearningstrategiesPPT教学课件

1、第1页/共89页Difficulties in vocabulary learningv There are too many words to learn. I dont know how to cope with them.v The words are like eels. They are too slippery to be kept in our memory.v I know its meaning if I can see the word, but I feel puzzled when I hear the word.v When I come across new wor

2、ds, I dont know how to deal with it. Should I consult a dictionary or guess it, or ignore it?第2页/共89页第3页/共89页Chapter 6 vocabulary learning strategies第4页/共89页第5页/共89页第6页/共89页 汉字，长于表义，拙于表音； 英语单词，恰恰相反。第7页/共89页Questions for discussionvWhat is a realistic goal in our vocabulary learning?vHow do we achiev

3、e our goal in vocabulary learning?vHow do we deal with new words in reading?vHow can we avoid forgetting what we have learned?vHow can we know our vocabulary size?第8页/共89页 全球语言监控中心 美国加利福尼亚州的圣迭戈 2006年3月21日（即春分日）为止，英语的单词量已经达到988968个。 第9页/共89页 Confucious kung fu mahjong chow mein dim sum 第10页/共89页 Vert

4、ebra Cranium Nucleus Columna-column Instumentum-instrument Spiritus-spirit第11页/共89页1. Realistic goal in our vocabulary learningv An American university student about 20,000 words.第12页/共89页Passive & active vocabulary Receptive/Passive vocabulary被动词汇: refers to words that one is able to recognize and

5、comprehend in reading or listening but unable to use automatically in speaking or writing. Productive/Active vocabulary主动词汇: refers to words that one is not only able to recognize but also able to use in speech and writing.第13页/共89页Three types of vocabulary1. Active / productive vocabulary (AV): mor

6、e frequency in use2. Passive / receptive vocabulary (PV): less frequency in useSpeaking wordsWriting wordsListening wordsReading words第14页/共89页Example: A Kalashnikov or An American M-16 rifle weights just 3kg.3. Super passive vocabulary (SPV): much less frequency in use Jargons or words in particula

7、r fields第15页/共89页Vocabulary in TextbooksTextbook 1SyllabusTextbook 2AV in textbooks 综合英语AV + 语音、语法术语 + 少量的听力AVPV in textbooks 阅读PV + 听力PV第16页/共89页AV and PV of Learners themselves This part of vocabulary comes from the ex-curricular reading. The more ex-curricular AV and PV of the learners, the more

8、comprehensive their knowledge is. Example: netbar, netizen, e-learning, netaid, clone, air force commander, laid-offs, sinopec第17页/共89页Suggestion:vDont need a BIG vocabularyvNeed the right vocabulary.vSpeak and write powerfully by using small words effectivelyv(Einstein used very simple language to

9、express the most complex ideas )第18页/共89页Make make coffee, make dumpling, make tea, make tool, make water第19页/共89页 Late House Tell Brave 第20页/共89页Three-stage goalv Stage One3,000 words Reading, listening, writing & speakingv Stage Two: 6,000 words Reading and listeningvStage Three:13,000 words or so

10、Reading第21页/共89页2. How can we achieve the three- stage goal of our vocabulary learning?第22页/共89页Achieving our three-stage goal by different waysv Stage One: 3000 wordsv Learning each of them carefully, patiently and effectivelyv Stage Two: 6000 words morev finding short cuts to learn themv Stage Thr

11、ee: 13,000 words or sov read novels and other different topics comprehensively第23页/共89页What should be learned?vForm (词形词形)v Meaning (词义词义)v Use (词法词法)第24页/共89页FormFormvSpoken form What does the words sound like? (listening) How is the word pronounced? (speaking)vWritten form What does the word look

12、like? (reading) How is the word written and spelled? (writing)vWord parts What parts are recognizable in this word? What word parts are needed to express the meaning?第25页/共89页Meaning Meaning v Form and meaning What meaning does this word form signal?v Associations What other words does this make us

13、think of?第26页/共89页 A: can you meet sometime next week? B: well, lets have a look at my diary. Next morning I found a foot of snow on the ground. Every vote counts第27页/共89页 The oppressed_ freedom. A. demand B. require C. request Demand: ask for firmly, unwilling to accept a refusal Require: the ruler

14、 set a rule with the exception that it will be obeyed. Request: ask for politely.第28页/共89页UseUse Grammatical functions In what pattern does the word occur? Collocations What words or types of words occur with this one? Constraints on use (Register, frequency) Where, when, and how often would we expe

15、ct to meet this word? video第29页/共89页vYou can tell the meaning of the word when you read it in a text.vYou can understand the meaning of the word when you hear it. vYou can write the word correctly.vYou can use the word in speaking.第30页/共89页v experiencev n (U). n(C)v v.第31页/共89页experienceex: out of -

16、perience: tested 第32页/共89页Longman dictionaryExperience n1. Knowledge /skill U +of/in/with previous experience practical experience first-hand experience2. Knowledge of life U3. Something that happens Chad/gain/get experience第33页/共89页Learning a foreign language was one of the most difficult yet most

17、rewarding experiences of my life. Although at times, learning a foreign language was frustrating, it was worth the effort.第34页/共89页v Difficult experiences of my lifev Rewarding experiences of my life第35页/共89页 A difficult experience rewarding/frustrating /valuable/good/ bitter/pleasant Difficult expe

18、riences of my lifeThat experience was rewarding/frustrating/painful/valuable work experience/life experience/business experience Teaching experience Journalistic experience第36页/共89页v exercise n. physical exercise exercise-bookv exercise v.v use sth Exercise their right to do sthExercise some control

19、 over(imagination, restraint, power, patience, perseverance第37页/共89页How should these 3000 words be learned?vStrategies for planning vocabulary learningvStrategies for learning vocabulary第38页/共89页Planning vocabulary learningvThe strategies in this category involve deciding on where to focus attention

20、, how to focus the attention, and how often to give attention to the form Choosing words Choosing aspects of word knowledge to focus on Choosing strategies第39页/共89页Choosing wordsvSteps helping you decide if a word is worth learning Important or not? If not, guess it or ignore it. If important, check

21、 in a dictionary to find out whether it is common. If common, learn it. If not, guess it from the context or ignore it.第40页/共89页Choosing aspects of word knowledge to focus onv Steps helping you decide which aspects of word knowledge to focus on Form: recognition first, production second Meaning: lea

22、rn one by one if there are several senses Use: learn patterns and collocations one by one第41页/共89页Choosing strategiesvThree learning phases Memorizing Using Recycling 第42页/共89页Vocabulary learning strategiesv Memorizingv Usingv Recycling第43页/共89页Stage-two goalFinding short cuts to cope with the 6,000

23、 more words第44页/共89页Stage-two vocabulary learning Learn strategies for dealing with these words since the words themselves do not deserve much learning time第45页/共89页Why do the stage-two words not deserve learning time? The stage-two words are low-frequency words and there are too many low-frequency

24、words. Learners will meet many of these words only once or twice. Any effort spent learning them will not be repaid by meeting them on other occasions. It is far better to spend time on strategies that you can use to deal with these words than to spend time on individual words.第46页/共89页词汇学习策略误区 联想法记

25、单词 discipline -disc(=disk 唱片)+ip(IP卡)+line(线) 大一天天听唱片（disc），大二天天打IP电话卡谈恋爱，大三天天上线（line），所以大四需要纪律discipline来约束自己。 isolate - i-so-late 如此晚了，你还点着蜡烛在看书，真是太孤独了。 第47页/共89页 Mango - man-go 男人出去给你买芒果 Maneuver - man -ever - u 男人永远想要控制你 Manifold - man- if - old 男人如果老了，就会得多种多样的病第48页/共89页 loom织布机(织布机织了100米的布 ) sl

26、it裂缝，撕裂（撕裂他） pest害虫（拍死他） frugal 节俭的 （腐乳够） 第49页/共89页Using prefixes, roots and suffixesOne half of general words and two thirds of all academic, technical, and low-frequency words are derived from Latin, French (through Latin), or Greek. This indicates the importance of learning the meanings of roots

27、and affixes (Nation, 1990: 19).第50页/共89页Word analysis v Prefix(前缀前缀), root(词根词根), suffix(后缀后缀)v place (root)v replace (prefix+root)v replacement (prefix+root+suffix)v unwiselyv wise (root)v unwise(prefix+root)v unwisely(prefix+root+suffix)第51页/共89页Word analysisv It is the process of separating a wor

28、d into its parts and then using the meanings of those parts to figure out the meaning of the original word. Retrospect Retro: back spect: lookv Effective in guessing the meaning of words but not always correctv The sum of the meaning of their parts = the meaning of the word第52页/共89页vinspectvinspecto

29、rvinspectionvspeculatevspeculatorvspeculationvspeculartivevspeculatorvspectacularvspectacle第53页/共89页 Do 做v Redo 重做v Undo 解开，不做v Doer 做事的人，实干家n Child 儿童n Childish 幼稚的a Childlike 天真无邪的a Childless 无子女的a Childhood 童年n第54页/共89页 反对教会与国家分裂的人的学说Antidisestablishmentarianism 分裂 反对不成立人人主义、理论、学说第55页/共89页 sneeze

30、喷嚏（s-加强语气，neeze=nose-鼻子） sn-从此与“鼻子” 相关 与sneeze喷嚏 同源sniff用力吸、嗅、闻到 snore打鼾 sneer冷笑、嘲笑（中文所谓“嗤之以鼻”） snoopy狗（sn-鼻子，狗以“鼻子”灵而著称） snow雪（雪曾被语言学家误认为是上帝的喷嚏） smell闻、嗅（sm=sn-鼻，m-n通假，如lim=line-一个道理）第56页/共89页 sc-从此与“切割、雕刻” 相关 与scar刀疤同源scale刻度、鱼鳞 scarf切口、围巾 score得分、分数 scoop铲子、刀铲 scandal丑闻（丑闻就是“疤”） sculpture雕像、雕刻品、雕

31、塑第57页/共89页 sl-瘦、薄、弱 slender-修长的 slim-苗条的 slice-薄片 slap拍，掌，掌掴（掌一个薄片） slow慢、松、迟（有“瘦、薄、弱”的大致方向） slack a.萧条的；懈怠的（s-加强语气，lack-缺乏、少）slang n.俚语；行话，黑话（s-加强语气，lang-language语言）第58页/共89页Stage-three 13,000 words Reading comprehensively, Vocabulary books are useful, Vocabulary test is effective to enlarge the vo

32、cabulary quickly. 第59页/共89页 3. How can we avoid forgetting what we have learned?第60页/共89页Why do we forget?1) Lack of attention第61页/共89页Why do we forget? 2) FadingI learned it three year ago, but now?第62页/共89页Why do we forget? 3) Distortion orContinual?Continuously?第63页/共89页Why do we forget? 4) Suppr

33、ession 5) Interference 6) Lack of motivation第64页/共89页How to improve memory? Concentration Concentration is a process in which we focus on one task when there are other possibilities available. In simple terms, it means paying attention to one thing at a time.第65页/共89页 Experiment 1 sit down, relax, a

34、nd stare at a point in front of you for 3 minutes. Experiment 2 sit down, relax, close your eyes and think of a flower. What color is it? How does it smell? Feel the petal. Now in your mind turn the flower over and see the stem. See how the stem joins onto the flower. Feel the stem in your mind.第66页

35、/共89页How to improve memory? 1) Concentration Distractions Internal External Noise Mental conflictsIrrelevant thoughtsDaydreamingBoredom & fatigue第67页/共89页How to improve memory? 2) Bored or tired? 3) Alternation 4) Setting time limitsDo 5 things in a morning?Why not!第68页/共89页Suggestions Learn words r

36、epeatedly, with increasing intervals between learning sessions. Have the words you want to learn with you whenever you go. Set aside a regular time for vocabulary learning Spend more time on the words you find difficult.第69页/共89页Suggestion One Research in psychology shows that we do not forget thing

37、s gradually. (see the forgetting curve) Most of our forgetting occurs within 20 minutes after we have first learned something. More is forgotten with one hour. Still more within 8 hours. After 8 hours, the rate of forgetting stays surprisingly steady.第70页/共89页 Forgetting Curve第71页/共89页 In 1885, Germ

38、an philosopher Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909艾宾艾宾浩斯浩斯) conducted one of the first studies on memory, using himself as a subject. He memorized lists of nonsense syllables and then tested his memory of the syllables at intervals ranging from 20 minutes to 31 days. 第72页/共89页 As shown in this curve, he f

39、ound that he remembered less than 40 percent of the items after nine hours, but that the r a t e o f f o r g e t t i n g leveled off over time.第73页/共89页Suggestion Two Make full use of dead time Vocabulary notebook An electronic dictionary第74页/共89页Suggestion ThreevRegular revision Daily revision (10

40、minutes a day) Weekly revision (One hour a week) Monthly revision (One hour a month)第75页/共89页英语词汇学习策略1.在语境中学单词；context2.利用联想增强对同类词的学习效果；association3.利用图像或想像加深对词汇的理解和记忆；4.通过分类加深对单词的理解和记忆；classification5.利用同义词和反义词进行对比复习；synonym, acronym6.根据构词法学习、复习、记忆英语单词。Word-formation7.全感官记忆单词 all senses8.游戏记单词 game

41、第76页/共89页2、利用图像或想像加深对词汇的理解和记忆 对同类词用联想方法学习和记忆，效果更佳 单词网络：把同类词按照意思的层次关系设计成一个网络状。情景联想：在日常生活的情景中往往有一连串的动作或相关动作，描述这些动作的单词往往有相似之处。 第77页/共89页3、利用图像或想像加深对词汇的理解和记忆 对于人物、动物、物体等具体名词，借助图片学习，理解和记忆的效果更佳。 借助单词释义或解释举行想象，在头脑中形成一种影像。 视觉消息比文字消息容易记忆第78页/共89页4、通过分类加深对单词的理解和记忆 心理学研究表明，把相关内容集中或联系起来学习和记忆，效果更佳。 把单词进行分类就是把意思或类别相同或相近的单词放在一起学习。 对单词进行分类 是常用的词汇学习策略之一第79页/共89页5、利用同义词和反义词进行对比复习第80页/共89页6、根据构词法学习、复习、记忆英语单词第