英语议论文写作

1、l what is argumentation and persuasion何为论证与说服lstrategies for using argumentation and persuasion使用论证与说服的策略lwhat argumentation is所谓论证就是lit is a logical way of essay development by which the writer tries to convince readers or other people of the soundness of a particular opinion on a controversial iss

2、ue. it tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.lspeeches on policies, editorials of newspapers, articles on political or theoretical questions, and various pro

3、posals are often argumentative.有关政策的演讲，报纸的编辑，政论或者理论问题的文章，及各种建议通常是要进行议论的。lthe purpose of argumentation议论的目的lpersuade reasonable people to agree with the opinion说服理性的人们同意（作者的）观点ldefend an opinion, to establish its validity even if others cannot be persuaded to agree守护一个观点，即使其他人不能被说服同意的时候也能建立该观点的效力latt

4、ack some opinion you believe to be misguided, untrue, or evil, without necessarily offering an alternative of your own攻击你确信是误导的，不真实的或者邪恶的某一观点，这时没有必要提供你自己的替代观点（论证他错就ok至于正确的是什么样子可以不管）la debatable point有争论的点lsufficient evidence充足的论据lgood logic良好的逻辑lan honest and friendly attitude诚实友好的态度lmere statements

5、 of facts仅仅评论事实lstatements of personal preference个人经历的评论lviewpoints that are generally accepted or can be easily verified观点可以大提升被接受或者容易阐述ltitle题目lintroduction导论lthesis statement理论阐述lbody paragraphs正文段落lconstructing topic sentences构造主题句lbuilding main points构建主要论点lcountering the opposition反对相反的的观点lcon

6、clusion结论lintroduces the topic of discussion to the audience向读者介绍讨论的主题lgenerates reader interest in the argument激发读者对论文的兴趣lthe most important sentence in your paper你文章中最重要的那句话llets the reader know the main idea of the paper使读者了解文章的主旨lanswers the question: “what am i trying to prove?”回答这个问题：我要试图证明什么？

7、lnot a factual statement, but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper不是事实阐述，而是通篇要证明的结论lthe thesis statement should guide your reader through your argument.论点句应该通过议论来引导读者lthe thesis statement is generally located in the introduction of the paper.论点句通常在文章的引言部分la thesis statement may also be

8、 located within the body of the paper or in the conclusion, depending upon the purpose or argument of the paper.也可以唯一正文或者结论当中，这取决于文章议论的目的lconsidering the audience 考虑受众lthinking logically 逻辑思考la supportive audience 支持你的受众lyou dont need a highly reasoned argument filled with facts, examples, and stati

9、stics. you can rely primarily on a strong emotional appeal-to reinforce readers commitment to your viewpoint.你不必以满是事实、事例、统计资料的高度理性的论证。你可以注意靠强烈的情绪呼吁来强化读者对你观点的认同（如果呼吁力强就直接忽悠就成了）la wavering audience 摇摆不决的听众ltry to create credibility and reliability by focusing on providing unified, coherent, accurate a

10、nd sufficient facts, statistics, examples and authoritative statements to support your viewpoint.通过聚焦于已有的统一的一致的精确的充足的事实，统计，事例和权威性表述来试图建立信任和可靠度来支撑你的观点la hostile audience敌意的听众ltry to rely on logical reasoning and hard-to-dispute facts.尽力依靠逻辑推理和无可争辩的事实linduction lreasoning from the particular to genera

11、l 从特殊到一般的推理（归纳） example 例子-1st grape: sour, 2nd grape: sour 3rd grape: sour .葡萄酸 -conclusion: the rest of the grapes were probably sour too.结论：其余的葡萄可能也是酸的ldeduction 演绎lreasoning from the general to particular (syllogism)从一般到特殊 example: 例如： -major premise: no dogs have feathers -minor premise: snowba

12、ll is a dog -conclusion: snowball does not have feathers.大前提：狗都没有羽毛；小前提：雪球是条狗；结论：雪球没有羽毛lhasty generalization 草率的泛化（轻率的得出一般结论）lfalse analogy错误的类推lpersonal attack 人身攻击lquestionable or faulty authority可疑或者错误的印证lcircular reasoning 循环推理lslanted language带偏见的语言 lfaulty cause and effect 错误的因果关系levading the

13、issue回避问题lopinion summarization观点摘要la recent study shows that people living on the continent of north america suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of asia. interestingly, asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, where

14、as north americans eat virtually none. it turns out that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing properties. thus, north americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression. l最近的研究表明生活在北美大陆的

15、人们比亚洲大陆的人们多出9倍的长期疲劳和31倍多的慢性抑郁。有意思的是，亚洲人，平均每天吃20克大豆，而北美人几乎不吃。已经证明大豆含有叫做异黄酮的化学物质，发现其具有防止疾病的特性。因此，北美人应该考虑经常性的食用大豆作为预防长期疲劳和慢性抑郁的一种方式lself-refuted opinion presentation 自我反驳的观点表达lin this argument, the arguer cites a study showing that north americans suffer from an amazingly higher rate of chronic fatigue

16、 and chronic depression than people living in asia. from an unknown source, the arguer states that asians eat much more soy than north americans, who eat almost none, and that soy contains disease-preventing properties. the arguer then concludes his or her argument by stating that north americans sh

17、ould consider regularly eating soy as a means of battling fatigue and depression. this argument suffers from at least four critical fallacies. 本文中，作者引用了一项研究表明北美人患上慢性抑郁和慢性疲劳的比例比亚洲人出奇的高。从一个位置的源头，作者表达了亚洲人大豆比北美人吃得多（根据何在呢？没有），北美人几乎不吃，而大豆具有防病属性。作者然后得出了他的结论就是北美人应该经常吃大豆。该文章至少有四处严重谬误。lcounterevidence: hypoth

18、esis 反对论据：假设lfor the sake of this argument, we will assume that the studies and the statistics about north americans and asians soy eating habits are correct, and that isoflavones have been found to have disease-fighting properties. given that, there is still a problem with the arguer directly corre

19、lating the eating of soy with the prevention of disease and depression. l针对这一论述，我们假定关于北美和亚洲大豆饮食习惯的研究与统计数据是正确的，而且异黄酮也确实有抗病功效。即便如此，作者将大豆的抗病功能与抗抑郁的功能直接联系到一起仍然是有问题的。levidence 1论据1lfirst of all, simply because soy may have disease-preventing properties, that does not mean that it can therefore fight chro

20、nic fatigue and chronic depression. fatigue and depression may not actually even be considered as diseases, therefore even given the fact that soy has disease-fighting properties, it would have no effect on the nondiseases of fatigue and depression. secondly, even assuming that fatigue and depressio

21、n are diseases, they are not specifically mentioned as diseases that soy or isoflavones are able to prevent. perhaps soy can help prevent osteoporosis (bone loss), mumps or even chicken pox, but that does not mean that it can specifically address the problems of chronic fatigue and chronic depressio

22、n. these two critical weaknesses alone make the argument unconvincing.l首先，简单的根据大豆可能有防病功能，那不意味着它就可以对抗慢性疲劳和慢性抑郁。疲劳和抑郁或许实际上不能被看做疾病，因此即使建设大豆确有抗病功效，那么也不会对疲劳和抑郁这些非疾病有效。其次，就算假定疲劳和抑郁确实是疾病，它们也没有作为大豆或者异黄酮能够防范的具体疾病中提到。或许大豆可以有助于防止（骨质疏松），但这不意味着大豆可以具体解决疲劳和抑郁的问题。仅仅这两个严重的缺陷就使这一论证不令人信服。levidence 2论据2lfurthermore, th

23、e arguers conclusion is based on the idea that diet alone can prevent fatigue and depression by comparing the diets of north americans and asians. it is highly unlikely that diet alone is responsible for the tremendous difference in the rates of fatigue and depression between the two populations. ot

24、her factors such as lifestyles, occupations, residence in city or rural areas and levels of stress may play a much bigger factor than diet. additionally, the arguer states that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which supposedly have disease-preventing properties. l并且，作者的结论是基于通过对比北美和亚洲人

25、的饮食得出单靠饮食就可以防止疲劳和抑郁这一观点得出的。然而单一的饮食因素就能够解释两大人群中疲劳和抑郁的比例巨大差异是很不可能的。其他因素如生活方式、职业、城市还是郊区居住以及压力水平可能影响更大。此外，作者描述了大豆含有异黄酮的植物化学物质，该物质假定有防病功效。levidence 3论据3lwhat is not stated, however, is whether these isoflavones are contained in a form in soy that is usable by the human body. it is possible that the parti

26、cular configuration of the phytochemicals found in soy products is not usable by the human body, thereby producing no beneficial effects by people eating more soy products. in and of themselves, isoflavones may prevent certain diseases, but perhaps those found in soy are of no benefit to humans. by failing to address these possibilities, the arguer has presented an unconvincing argument.l然而还有一点没有提及，就是以大豆形式存在的异黄酮是否可以被人体利用。可能在大豆产品中找到的植物化学物质的具体配置不能被人踢利用，那么人们使用更多的豆制品没有一处。lconclusion 结论lin summary, the argument fails due to four major flaws in logic. first, disease-preventin