最新文体学复习一

1、精品文档文体学复习1、Style: Manners in dicat ing prominent lin guistic features, devices or patter ns, most (or least) freque ntly occur in a particular text of a particular variety of Ianguage.有许多种，此为 in this book, general, linguistic-oriented), P52、Stylistics： is a branch of linguistics which studies in a s

2、cientific and systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of Ian guage at differe nt levels.?Literary stylistics: concentrates solely on unique and overall linguistic features of the various genres of literature.(考点)The development of stylisticsThe scope of study

3、Three crucial aspects of speech: Substances sounds and symbols Form; Situation3、Stylistic analysis: is gen erally concerned with the uniquen ess of a text (what is peculiar to the use of Ianguage in a given text for delivering the message). This n aturally invo Ives comparis ons of the Ian guage of

4、the text with that used in conventional types of discourse. Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a give n text by systematically compari ng the Ian guage uses in that text with those in ano ther. Thus, we may con clude that stylistic analysis is an activity which is highly compar

5、ative in nature.Practice 5. An alyze the follow ing text.Policeman: What s your name?Black psychiatrist: Dr. Poussiant. I m a physician.Policeman: What s your first name, boy?Black psychiatrist: Alvi n.?The word boy may be used to address a male inferior. In above conversation, theboyform is used to

6、 address a physicia n, who is usually accorded high respect in the US and is addressed as -aBdl-soo (Title + Surn ame). I nsiste ntly using the form the white policema n shows his racist con tempt of and prejudice aga inst the black people.4、 Linguistic description: refers to the exploration and cla

7、ssification of linguistic features of a given text*精品文档每个category下面的各个分类(1) The Phonology Category: Phono logy here is used to refer to the system of speech sounds in a Ian guage.(2) The Lexical Category： Lexis is used here to refer to the choice of words.(3) The Syntactic/Grammatical /Category: Syn

8、tax is used here to refer torules for orderi ng and connecting words into senten ces.(4) Semantic Category: Semantics is used here to refer to the meaning of words, expressi ons, etc. and by what means the meaning is con veyed from the addresser to the addressee.Procedure of linguistic description1)

9、 Work systematically through the text and note down points we feel of some stylistic sig nifica nce respectively un der the various head in gs.2) Quantify the frequency of a linguistic feature.3) Assess the importance of stylistic features.4) Make statements about the overall linguistic picture of t

10、he text in question, bringing together diverse features to show how they form a cohere nt, in tegrated patter n, and making judgme nts about or in terpreti ng the sig nifica nce of such patter ns in relatio n to the con text of the text as a whole.5、( 1) Text: A text is any passage, spoken or writte

11、n, of whatever length, that forms a unified whole. A text is then a semantic unit, a unit not only of form, but also of meaning. A text is realized by a sequence of Ianguage units, whether they are senten ces or not.Cohesive devices:Implicit connectivityExplicit connectivity1) Transitional words/phr

12、ases2) Grammatical device Ellipsis Substitution Coreference3) Lexical reiteration材料 Examine the following conversation, find out whether linguistic units in it are overtly cohesive or not.A: See who that is.B: I m in pyjamas.A: OK.? Linguistic units in the conversation are not overtly cohesive. In t

13、his text, the releva nee of B semark to A sirst remark is con veyed by pragmatic implicatio n.“I m in pyjamas ” implies an excuse for not compl ying with A s comma nd (=“ Ncan t, because I m in pyjamas. ” ) A simpcondlthemihekaccepts B s excuseand un dertakes to do himself what he orig in ally asked

14、 B to do (= OK. I II go myseand see. ” Texts are therefore recog ni zed as appropriately cohere nt in actual use. A full un dersta nding of a text is ofte n impossible without refere nce to the con text in which it occurs.(2) Context： Con text refers to all eleme nts of a com muni cative situati on.

15、 (One is “n guistic con text”，referri ng to the lin guistic un its preced ing an d/or followi ng a particular lin guistic unit in a text. The other is extra-li nguistic con text ” or con text of situati on”, referri ng to the releva nt features of the situati on in which a text has meanin g.)Context

16、ual factors Field of discourse语场):the institutional setting, private or public, in which a piece of Ian guage occurs, embrac ing not on ly the subject matter in hanc正在进行中 的主要的事情),but the whole activity of the speaker or participant in a setting, which corresponds to Hallidays ideational function” of

17、 Ianguage. Tenor(语旨):The participants, their education, social status, the role-relati on ship betwee n the addresser and the addressee; the degree of in timacy; the degree of social distance. (It s concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning -the relati on ship betwee n the speaker

18、 and the liste ner, their relative status, their attitude, and their role relati on s.) Mode (语式):the medium of com muni cati onthe graphic sig ns visual orsound waves auditory by means of which a message is con veyed from one pers on to anther; Channel; channel limitation; other detailed choices, t

19、he functions of Ianguage in the particular situation.practice 4. An alyze the followi ng conv ersati on(Je nny comes to Ala n s house. She is con duct ing a survey for the gover nmen t.)Alan: Won t you come in, Mie&.Jenny: Cartwright, Jenny Cartwright.Alan: I m Alan Marlow. (Alan shows Jenny into th

20、e living room.)Alan: Oh won t you make yourself comfortablenny?(After some minu tes of talk, which is omitted here)Jenny: Mr. Marlow Alan: Call me Alan. (The Marlows, Episode 11)The con text shows clearly that Ala n and Jenny are total stra ngers. Theconven-tional address form between strangers is T

21、itle + Sur-name (Mr./Miss So-and-so). But Alan addresses the girl by her first name and later asks her to do the same. His adoption of first-naming is an example of the manipulation of language. It is a move towards a friendlier relationship, indicating that Alan does not want their encounter to be

22、formal and distant, as it is customary between strangers. In contrast, Jenny chooses to remain formal and distant by addressing Alan as“ Mr. MarlowLinguistic Items6、Speech sounds(1) Stress: Stress refers to the prominence of sounds. It is the result of extra force used in pronouncing a particular wo

23、rd or syllable. a) To show emphasis; b) To show surprise, anger, doubt, horror or excitement; c) To distinguish meaning of identical words or phrases. P23(2) Pause: Pause refers to the brief interruption of the articulatory process between consecutive linguistic units such as sounds, syllables, word

24、s, phrases and sentences.a) voiced pause or filled pause; b) silent pauseFunction: P23(3) Pitch: This relative height of speech sounds as perceived by a listener is called “pitch” and to indicate different feelings or attitudes, such as agreement, doubt, surprise, delight, scorn, abhorrence, or hatr

25、ed. a) The falling pitch; b) The rising pitch; c) The fall-rise pitch; d) The rise-fall pitch; e) The level pitch; f) The fall-plus-rise pitch. (各用在什么情境下，有什么作用 P2425)(4) Tempo: Tempo refers to the speed of speaking. Tempo reflected in monosyllables: a) quick and clipped syllables; b) loose and drawl

26、ed syllables; c) slow and held syllables. Tempo reflected in sentencesa: ) the quick “allegro”; b) the slow “lendo”; c) the increasing“accelerando”; d) the decreasing“rallentando”. Function: Generally speaking, a quick tempo indicates excitement, surprise, agreement, happiness, indignation, whereas

27、a slow tempo usually indicates confusion, emphasis, disagreement,hesitation, sadness,tiredness, low spirit or disappointment, etc.7、Graphological Items the study of writing system of a languageGraphological levelthe expression or realization of language in its writing system(1) Punctuation ( the das

28、h 破折号，the col on 冒号，the exclamation mark 感叹号）；各自用处效果CapitalizationItalics 斜体Paragraphing (分段):Paragraphing refers to the way in which a text isdivided in to paragraphs. It is a device to reveal the relati onal structure in a text, the orga ni zati on of the content.各自用处效果8Lexical Items General or Sp

29、ecific(2) Anglo-Saxon or Latinate(3) Other Lexical Items9、Syntactic/Grammatical Items(1) Clause TypesClause: A clause forms a sentenceor part of a sentence.lt is a group of words which form a grammatical unit and which contains a subject and a finite verb, often fun cti oning as a noun, adjective or

30、 adverb.1) In terms of the clause constituents, there are 5 basic types:2) In terms of the structure of the verb phrases (if any) in a clause: Finite clauses are clauses in which the first or the only verb phrase is a finite form.E.g. He finished his work before leaving the classroom. Nonfinite clau

31、ses非限定从句) are clauses whose verb phrase is non-fin ite,e.g. an -ng participle. He finished his work before leaving the classroom. Verbless clauses无动词分句)are clauses which contain no verb element, e.g.: Hun dreds of people were killed in the fire,many of them children3) In terms of functions in a sent

32、ence: Independent clausepot subord in ate to ano ther clause.E.g. I am a teacher. Subordinate clause is a clause which forms part of another clause as itseleme nt, or as con stitue nt of a phrase with in a clause.a) nominal clause (名词性从句)e.g. What he saidis true.b) relative clause (关系从句)functioning

33、as post modifiers of a noun phrase.E.g. People who smokeannoy me.c) comparative clausejthan, asd) adverbial clausesdenoting time, place, reason, etc. Sentence TypesSentence：A sentence is, grammatically, the largest unit of grammatical orga ni zati on with in which parts of speech and grammatical cla

34、sses are to function.1) In terms of complexity or the number of constituent clauses: Simple sentences on sists of a si ngle in depe ndent clause. Multiple sentenceconsists of more than one clause.a) Compound sentenc(复合句)con sists of two or more in depe ndent clauses with no depe ndent clauses.E.g.:

35、The storm is over, but the ground is still wet.b) Complex sentence (复杂句)con sists of one in depe ndent clause and one or more depe ndent clause,e.g.: Although the storm is over, the ground is still wet.c) Compound-complex sentences on sists of two or more in depe ndent clauses, one being compo und,

36、and at least one complex depe ndent clauseg.:Although the storm is over, the ground is still wet, and we cannot go out for a walk.2) In terms of grammaticality: Major sentence is a sentence (simple or multiple) which con forms to the regular patter ns of clause structures. (formal in style) Minor se

37、ntencedoes not conform to the regular clause patterns, e.g.: Oh, if I were you!All aboard!3）In terms of function: Declarative sentenc（e 陈述句） Interrogative sentence（疑问句）a）General questionb）Special questionc）Alternative questiond）Disjunctive question （反义疑问句） Imperative sentence （命令、祈使、要求） Exclamatory

38、sentence（感叹句）4）In terms of sentence length: Short sentence（casual, easy, informal, emphatic, eye-catching, to the point, effective, express a concep）t long sentence5）In terms of the beauty of structure or emphasis: Periodic sentenc（e 圆周句） is a sentence which suspends the completion of the main thoug

39、ht until（near） the end,e.g.:Every time a Cooper person is in peril, and absolute silence is worth four dollars a minute, he is sure to step on a dry twig. Loose sentence 松散句）in con trast completes the ma in thought well before the end. Balanced sentencecontains two distinct halves or parts, each of

40、about the same length and importance,e.g.:In Plato opi nio n man was made for philosophy; in Bacon sop in io n philosophy was made for man.(beautiful in form, impressive in meaning; formal writings, expository and argume ntative prose, public speech)10、British/American EnglishBritish English范围：EFL (

41、mother tongu : Britain; The Irish Republic ； Australia ； NewZealand; South Africa; The West Indian IslandESL: Singapore； MalaysiaThree periods：Old English, Middle English, Modern EnglishAmerican English范围：EFL : (mother tongu The United States of America; CanadaESL: Mexico ； The Philipp in es; Samoa

42、(萨摩亚)History of AmE:Differences between BrE & AmE:每项具体例子要看In Vocabulary(2) In Grammar The use of present perfect (BrE) or past tense (AmE) The use of have” or have gof to indicate possession The use of ot”(BrE) or gotten” (AmE) The use of different prepositions The use of different expressions(3) In

43、 Spelling(4) In Pronu nciation(RP=Received Pronunciation GA=General American)11、Spoken English & Written English (口头语和书面语)(1) Medium： Medium refers to graphic sig ns (visual medium) or sound waves(auditory medium) by means of which a message is conveyed from one person (addresser) to ano ther (addre

44、ssee).Martin Joos classificatio n(2) 区别： At the lexical level At the syntactical/grammatical level At the phonological/graphological level Semantically补充：Striking differences1) Hearer/Reader invo Iveme nt.* Gen erally most speeches assume the prese nee of the hearer* Non-verbal signals like facial e

45、xpressions of incomprehension or boredom, feedback in the way of laughter, applause and eve n booing (feedback from audie nee atte ning a lecture and the like).* A writte n text no rmally presumes the abse nee of the reader, and direct feedback from the reader is not possible.2) Lin guistic explicit

46、 ness* In speech, the participa nts rely heavily on their com mon backgro und kno wledge and the immediate con text for much of their in formati on.* The immediate con text can elimi nate the ambiguity or dark in formatio n carried by implicit linguistic structures, bring some words with concrete re

47、ferents, and recrysta-lize the deno tati ons of some otherwise abstract words.* Writi ng, gen erally, does not rely on the immediate con text for un dersta nding. Nor can the writer normally hope that his /her readers share with him/her much of the pers onal backgro und kno wledge n eeded for the un

48、 dersta nding of the writte n text. On the contrary he/she must give great explicitness to whatever he/she is trying to say on paper.3) Prepared ness* Writi ng is on the whole more careful tha n speak ing.* Perma nent record, a clear idea about the subject matter and logical arra ngeme nt of thought

49、, compact and self-c ontain ed.* Speech, esp. conv ersati on, is often spontan eous. Ran dom shift of topic, a general lack of conscious planning, features of hesitation, slips of the tongue, overlapping or simulta neous speech.Stylistic differencesSpoken texts contrast with written texts in terms o

50、f grammatical, lexical and phono logical/ graphological features.Gregory(19107):1) Disti ncti ons amon gst speechSpeech can be spontan eous (such as casual con versati on) or non-spontan eous (as what actors and teachers are doin g).* Within spontan eous speech, there is con vers ing (with the parti

51、cipati on of others) versus monologuing (with no interruption from others). The latter kind of sustained spontan eous speech is found in classroom teach ing, TV in terview ing, radio comme nti ng, and the talk ing betwee n scholars.* Non-sp ontan eous speech can be sub-categorized as recit ing (such

52、 as story telli ng, poem recitation and singing) and as the speaking of what is written. In literate cultures, most non-sp ontan eous speech is the speak ing of what has bee n writte n.2) Disti ncti on s amon gst writi ngThe text that has been written may be written to be spoken as if not written, o

53、r written to be spoke n, or eve n writte n not n ecessarily to be spoke n.a) Texts written to be spoken as if not written such as the lines in a drama, sound like real speech. But they are speechesthat have bee n pla nned and prepared, whereas ordinary speech is spontaneous; and their situations are

54、 more compact and self-c ontained tha n those of conversing and mono logu ing.b) Texts writte n to be spoke n with no effort to con ceal their writte n origi n such as scripts for sermons, speeches,lectures, news bulletins and commentaries, can be really the reading of an article or essay but the he

55、arer is not in the same situation as the reader where he/she can tur n back a page to check his/her un dersta nding. Hence their repeat ing of the main points in a slightly differe nt way and their man ipulati on of prosodic and parali nguistic features for the spoke n mode.c) Texts written not nece

56、ssarily to be spoken with no relation to the spoken mode such as a teleph one book or a dictio nary may be described as writte n to be read.d) Texts writte n not n ecessarily to be spoke n but with a relati on ship with the spoke n mode such as dialogue in a no vel, may be categorized as writte n to

57、 be read as speech (as if heard); and the interior monologue related to such texts may be categorized as writte n to be read as if thought (as if overheard).(3) Electronic English (E-Discourse): Electronic English is a generalterm, and it is used to here to refer to the computer-mediated English, wh

58、ich can also be labeled by other n ames through slight differe nces exist. Nature of Electronic English:E-E nglish is in teractive, electro nic, com muni cative in n ature, with the text prese nted on the scree n. Stylistic features:a) Lexicallyb) Syntactically12、Formal & Informal (会辨别 formality) (1) Formality: Formality refers to the way in which the st