《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-双语（课堂PPT）

1、1The Practice ofSocial Research社会研究方法 Earl Babbie（艾尔巴比）Chapman University2Part 1An Introduction to Inquiry研究概论3Chapter 1Human Inquiry and Science人类研究与科学4Chapter OutlineLooking for Reality 寻求真实The Foundations of Social Science社会研究的基础Some Dialectics of Social Research社会研究中的一些辩证关系The Ethics of Social R

2、esearch社会研究的伦理5How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）Direct Experience and Observation个人体验与观察Personal Inquiry 个人研究Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识）Authority 权威6Looking for Reality 寻求真实Our attempts to learn about the world are only partly linked to direct, personal inquiry or experience.我们对世界的认识和了解，只有部分来自于个人研究或经

3、验。A larger part comes from agreed-on knowledge that others give us, things “everyone knows.” 大部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。7Sources of Secondhand KnowledgeBoth provide a starting point for inqui

4、ry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）Tradition 传统1.Authority 权威8Science and Inquiry科学与研究Epistemology is the science of knowing.认识论是认识的科学Methodology (a subfield of epistemology) might be called the science of

5、 finding out. 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻找解答的科学9QuestionHow do individuals learn all they need to know?personal experience 个人体验Discovery 探究发现from what others tell us 别人说的A.all of these choices 以上都是10Answer: DIndividuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell

6、 us.个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人告知的，来获取所需的知识11Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人类研究Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到，未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果关系牵涉到概率问题Humans aim to answer “what” and “why” questi

7、ons, and pursue these goals by observing and figuring out. 人类研究的目的在于回答“是什么”和“为什么”，通过观察和推理来达到目标。12Inquiry: Errors and Solutions研究中常见的错误及解决办法Inaccurate observations 不确切观察Measurement devices add precision.测量手段增加了准确性Overgeneralization 过度概括化Enough cases 足够样本观察Repeat a study to make sure the same results

8、are produced each time.重复进行同一项研究，看是否每次都得到同样结果13Selective observation 选择性观察Make an effort to find cases that do not fit the general pattern.找出不符合一般情形的异常案例Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形Inquiry: Errors and Solutions研究中常见的错误及解决办法14Views of Reality 对真实的看法Premo

9、dern - Things are as they seem to be. 前现代观点：眼见为实Modern - Acknowledgment of human subjectivity.现代观点：仁者见仁智者见智Postmodern -There is no objective reality to be observed. 后现代观点：没什么真实的世界可供观察。所有的真实，都源于自我观点中的想象。15A Book 一本书All of these are the same book, but it looks different when viewed from different loca

10、tions, perspectives, or “points of view.” 这些都是同一本书。但放置的位置、视角不同或人们观点不同，他看起来就不一样。16Point of ViewWifes Point of View. There is no question in the wifes mind as to who is right and rational and who is out of control. 在妻子看来，谁是正确、理智的，以及谁失去了理智，是显而易见的。17Point of ViewHusbands Point of View. The husband has a

11、 very different perception of the same set of events, of course.丈夫的视角。对同一件事，他的看法截然不同。18QuestionIn your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has which view o

12、f reality? correctpremodernmodernpostmodernA.Scientific19Answer: DIn your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has the postmodern view of reality. 后现代的观点20Q

13、uestionYouve gotten As on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and youre sure youre going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. Youve fallen prey to:illogical reasoning.inaccurate observation.selective observation.over-emphasis on tr

14、adition.A.overgeneralization.21Answer: AYouve gotten As on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and youre sure youre going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. Youve fallen prey to illogical reasoning.22Foundations of Social Science

15、 社会科学的基础The foundations of social science are logic and observation. 社会科学的基础是逻辑和观察A scientific understanding of the world must make sense and correspond to what we observe.科学对世界的理解，必须言之成理，并且符合我们的观察。Both are essential to science and relate to the three major aspects of social scientific enterprise: t

16、heory, data collection, and data analysis.这两者对科学都不可或缺，而且与科学研究的三大层面密切相关，理论、资料收集和资料分析。23Foundations of Social Science 社会科学的基础Theory - Systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life. 理论旨在系统地解释对生活中某一方面的观察Data collection - observation 资料搜集旨在整理观察的结果Data Analysis - t

17、he comparison of what is logically expected with what is actually observed. 资料分析，是比较逻辑预期和实际观察，寻找可能的模式。24Social Regularities 社会规律Examples of Patterns in social life:社会生活的规范Only people 18 and older can vote.只有18岁以上的人的可以投票Only people with a license can drive.只有18岁以上且有执照的人可以开车25Aggregates 总体而非个体The coll

18、ective actions and situations of many individuals. 集体行为和许多个人的状况 社会科学处理的是集体而非个体的行为Focus of social science is to explain why aggregated patterns of behavior are regular even when individuals change over time 社会科学的目的在于解释为什么即使个体行为随着时间改变，集体行为的模式却有规律可循。26Birthrates,United States: 1980 20021982 15.9198315.

19、6198415.6198515.8198615.6198715.7198816.0198916.4199016.7199116.2199215.8199315.4199415.0199514.6199614.4199714.2199814.3199914.2200014.4200114.1200213.927QuestionSocial research aims to find _ in social life.answersknowledgepracticalityregularityA.truth28Answer: DSocial research aims to find regula

20、rity in social life.社会研究旨在发现社会生活的规律。29A Variable LanguageVariableLogical groupings of attributes.AttributeCharacteristics or qualities that describe an object. 30A Variable Language 变量语言Independent variable 自变量自变量A variable that is presumed to cause or determine a dependent variable. 被假定的影响或决定因变量的变量

21、。Dependent variable 因变量因变量A variable that is assumed to depend on or is caused by another variable. 依赖于或被其他变量所决定的变量。31Variable Language 变量语言32Relationship Between Two Variables 两个变量之间的关系33Education and Racial Prejudice 教育与种族偏见Level of Education % saying African-Americans have less inborn ability to

22、learn Less than high school graduate26%High school graduate10%Junior college15%Bachelors degree6%Graduate degree3%34QuestionProfessor Fremler examined the following categories of marital status: married, never married, widowed, separated, and divorced. These categories are known asvariables. 变量attri

23、butes. 属性variable categories. 变量类别units of analysis. 分析单元A.theoretical elements. 理论元素35Answer: BProfessor Fremler examined the following categories of marital status: married, never married, widowed, separated, and divorced. These categories are known as attributes.（属性）36Approaches to Social Researc

24、h 社会研究的方法（1）Idiographic -Seeks to fully understand the causes of what happened in a single instance. 个案式解释：试图穷尽某个特定情形或是事件的所有原因NomotheticSeeks to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one. 通则式解释：寻求解释某一类情形或者事件，而不仅是为了解释个案。37Idiographic and Nomothetic Reasoning in Everyday Life日常生

25、活中的个案式和通则式推理Idiographic: “Hes like that because his father and mother kept giving him mixed signals. The fact that his family moved seven times by the time he was 12 years old didnt help. Moreover, his older brother is exactly the same and probably served as a role model.”Nomothetic:“Teenage boys ar

26、e like that.” 38Approaches to Social Research 社会研究的方法（2）Induction From specific observations to the discovery of a pattern among all the given events. 归纳：从个别到一般Deduction - From a pattern that might be logically expected to observations that test whether the pattern occurs. 演绎：从一般到个别，即从逻辑或理论上预期的模式，到观

27、察检验预期的模式是否存在。39The Wheel of Science 科学轮40Approaches to Social Research 社会研究的方法（3）Qualitative Data Nonnumerical data.定性资料：非数据化资料Quantitative Data -Numerical data. Makes observations more explicit and makes it easier to aggregate, compare, and summarize data.定性资料：数据化资料。定量化使得我们的观察更加明确，也更容易将资料整合、对比或得出结论

28、。41Approaches to Social Research 社会研究的方法（4）Pure Research - Sometimes justified in terms of gaining “knowledge for knowledges sake.” 纯粹研究：以寻求“纯粹的知识”而获得正当性Applied Research Putting research into practice. 应用研究：将研究应用于实践42Ethical Guidelines of Social Research 社会研究中的伦理Two Basic Guidelines: 两条基本原则Participa

29、tion should be voluntary. 参与者必须出于自愿。Social research must bring no harm to research subjects.社会研究必须对参与研究的人无害。43Quick Quiz441. The two foundations of science aretradition and observation.observation and logic.logic and theory.theory and observation.A.logic and generalization.45Answer: BThe two foundations of science are observation and logic.462. Science deals with what should be and not with what is.can settle debates on value.is exclusively descriptive.has to do with disproving