高中句子成分

1、精品语法讲义精品语法讲义英语进化论那些事第一章一原始起源英语是一门逐渐发展演变的语言，早在远古时期，英语的结构其实只有以下这两种，即简单句的原始结构。主+谓+宾 主+系+表主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。在原始的简单句中，主语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词表示。例如：       During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）       We

2、often speak English in class.（代词）       One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）   The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）谓语（动词）：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态

3、动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.在英语中一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词（知道为什么吗），而且，我们平时学习的时态是针对谓语动词来说。如果以do为例，do, did ,have done, will do, had done, is/am/are doing, was/were doing, would do。在简单句中，谓语动词和主语是句子的核心，是不可以随意删掉的。宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位

4、于及物动词和介词后面。例如：       They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）       The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）       How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）  &#

5、160;    They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词。  Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）       Is it yours?（代词）   &#

6、160;   The weather has turned cold.（形容词）       The speech is exciting.（分词）       Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）二第一次飞跃在简单句中，只要满足上面两种结构，就可以把一件简单的事说清楚，但随着英语的逐渐演变，又演变出两种新的成分，可以对句子进行修饰和补充，我们称之为定语和状语。定语：修饰名词或代词的词为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：（在

7、汉语里，定语可以翻译成的）       Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）       China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）        There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）    

8、60;  His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。（状语在高中是一个相对抽象的概念，在简单句中状语一般由副词充当，修饰动词和形容词为主，除此之外，介词短语在简单句中也喜欢扮演状语的作用，这个语法点主要存在于我们的语法填空和短文改错中）三第二次飞跃（非谓语动词短语与从句的到来）随着英语的逐渐演变，在某些简单句中，相对应的句子成分不能用单词进行描述。 主（多喝水）+ is great for your health. I love 宾（踢足球）M

9、y hobby is 表（玩电脑游戏） I has bought a book(王先生写的)等等。我们发现，在上面的模型里，没有办法用一个单词进行描述，所以在演变的过程中，出来一个新的语法成分，叫做非谓语动词短语（to do ,doing, done，注意done与did的区别）注：1.只加不定式作宾语的动词：plan, demand, promise, help, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish/hope, expect, fail, pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim

10、, hesitate, happen等。2.只加动名词作宾语的动词：admit, avoid, consider, escape, imagine, mind, miss, practice, suggest, advise, allow, permit, risk, prevent, resist, deny, forbid，advocate, forgive, acknowledge, postpone, delay, fancy, recall, finish/complete, acknowledge等3.下面这些短语只能加doing作宾语：be addicted to, be acc

11、ustomed to, get down to, lead to ,contribute to, devote oneself to , object to, look forward to, owing to, become/get/be used to, pay attention to等等。4.既可以加to do, 也可以加doing的动词，且意思很相近的动词：intend, attempt, continue, begin, start等。5接to do 和doing 作宾语意义差别很大的动词mean, forget, try, go on等。   To swim

12、in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）       Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）     He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）       I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）Our monitor is always the first to enter the class

13、room.（不定式短语）The boy playing football(动名词短语) is my brotherThe dog killed by a car(过去分词短语) is very fierce.注意：非谓语动词短语作定语时，要放在修饰词的后面，形容词做定语时，放在修饰词的前面。非谓语动词短语是一个全新的语法概念，因为与我们汉语语法思维差别很大，所以同学们对此不是很理解，所以在学习时需要转换下思维。它的出现解决了英语单词扮演不了的功能，英语进入了一个崭新的发展时期。从句的到来，随着英语的进一步发展，非谓语动词短语的功能逐渐衰退。主(我们所需要的东西)+is +much knowle

14、dge I know宾（Tom 什么时候回来）My question is (是否我们需要好好学英语) I love a place(有很多鲜花和绿树的地方)我们会发现，这时出现了一个句子来扮演成分的功能，所以也就有日后大家学习的宾语从句，主语从句，表语从句，定语从句相关概念了，而且我们知道在改错和语法填空里，例如that,wh词是高频考点。状语从句在这里暂时不提。因此，希望今后大家在学习英语的过程中，要树立以句子为核心的观念，不管这个句子多么复杂，它都是由简单句演变过来的。 第二章 英语句子的分类 一   简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法

15、1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语e. g.

16、 He often reads English in the morning.        Tom and Mike are American boys. 并列句基本概念：并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e. g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name

17、 is John. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e. g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e. g. A

18、ugust is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 主从复合句：1、概念：主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成(高中一般就一个从句为主，在高中，从句其实几乎都是简单句)。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。2、分类：从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语、定语从句和状语从句等。一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：2. He handed

19、me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work

20、in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.判断下列

21、句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 第二章句子里的动词第一节:时态1.一般现在时基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式： am is are not；此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don'

22、;t，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词 do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes, at, on Sunday。例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。3） 表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes

23、 before a fall. 骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now. 我

24、正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。2.一般过去时基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式： waswere not；在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：was或were放在句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：Where did

25、 you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如：It is time for you to go t

26、o bed. 你该睡觉了。It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事。例如：Id rather youcame tomorrow.还是明天来吧。3.一般将来时基本结构：amisaregoing to do；willshalldo否定形式：amisare notgoing to do； willshallnotdo一般疑问句：be放于句首； willshall提到句首1） shall用于第一人称，常被wi

27、ll 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。c. 有迹象要发

28、生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。If you are

29、 going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）Im going to play footba

30、ll tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排） 1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：Here comes the bus. = The

31、 bus is coming. 车来了。There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如：When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.比尔来后，让他等我。Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下

32、星期玩得开心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave theroom. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？4.现在完成时1.用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；2.也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过

33、去分词。基本结构：havehas done否定形式：havehas notdone一般疑问句：havehas放于句首1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, justnow等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,

34、 till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work,study, know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become,get married等。例如：I saw this film yeste

35、rday. （强调看的动作发生过了）I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week,

36、 in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time （that） Ive heard him sing. 这是

37、我第一次听他唱歌。注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。（1） -Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming答案B. This is the first time 后面

38、所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。（2） -Have you _ been to our town before?-No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received

39、 his letter for almost a month.Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）注

40、意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 H

41、arry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。3） since +从句。例如：Great changes have taken pl

42、ace since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有两年了。 5.过去完成时1） 概念：表示过去的过去-|-|-|- 其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前 那时 现在2） 用法a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：She sai

43、d （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能。例如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.那时我们希望你能来，但

44、是你没有来。3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语。By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the

45、 party.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left答案D.把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在同学们正忙于这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生

46、。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意： had hardly when 还没等 就。例如：I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。had no soonerthan 刚 就。例如：He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。 1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。My aunt g

47、ave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：When I heard the news, I was very excited.3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.（了解即可）将来完成时（补充说明，了解即可）1） 构成will have done2） 概念a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例

48、如：They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达上海了。6.现在进行时的基本用法：a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr. Green is writ

49、ing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。d. 与always, constantly, forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。My diction

50、ary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont find C. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found.答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, we

51、igh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。He loves her very much.

52、他爱她很深。3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。7.过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。3） 常

53、用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shinin

54、g. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。1） Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2） As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep.A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell答案B.句中的as = w

55、hen, while，意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since +

56、一般过去时”的句型中，表示"自从以来有时间"的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：A. He joined the League two years ago。B. He has been in the League for two years。C. It is two years since he joined the League。D. Two years has passed since he joined the League。二、一般现在时与现在进

57、行时的转换在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work(在工作)， at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play。Peter is working, but Mike is playing。三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving soon。The tr

58、ain will leave soon。四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday。We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday第二节被动语态使用中的特殊情况及注意点一. 被动句的使用场合一个句子，到底使用主动语态还是被动语态，这和说话人的意图紧密相关。以下场合通常使用被动语态。A） 说话人强调的是动作的承受者，或者是事件本身。而说话者认为不必或不想提及动作的发出者。如：The bridge was built in 1929.Hundreds of passengers were killed in the ac