牛津译林版英语8BUnit1grammar课件

1、8B Unit 1 Past and Present GrammarGrammar English Teaching-group of Grade EightLearning aims:1. Master the structure and basic usage of present perfect tense (PPT). （掌握现在完成时的基本结构、用法。）（掌握现在完成时的基本结构、用法。）2. Learn the rules of forming the past participle of verbs.（学习动词的过去分词变化规则。）（学习动词的过去分词变化规则。）3. Learn

2、 some time expressions usually used in PPT.（学习常用在现在完成时里的时间表达方式。）（学习常用在现在完成时里的时间表达方式。）一、现在完成时的含义一、现在完成时的含义（1 1）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在, ,也也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。和表示延续的时间许还会持续下去的动作或状态。和表示延续的时间状语连用。状语连用。 如如forfor、since since 等引导的时间状语等引导的时间状语。（注意：。（注意：句中谓语动词要用延续性动词）句中谓语动词要用延续性动词）时间状语的表达方法有两种时间状语的

3、表达方法有两种: : for: + 一段时间一段时间 for a year, for two weeks, Since+过去的某一时刻过去的某一时刻, since last week, since 2008 +一段时间一段时间+ago, since 3 days ago, +点时间点时间 一般过去时态的时间状语从句：一般过去时态的时间状语从句： since you came，1.I have been at this school _ more than two years.2. She has worked in the factory _ ten years ago.3. Mr. Gree

4、n has lived in the city _ he was born.4. His father has been a party member _ twenty years.LetLet try! try!用用since或或for填空：填空：forsincesincefor（2）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。作对现在造成的影响或结果。(汉语中常用汉语中常用“已经已经”、“过过”、“了了”等表达等表达) 通常与表示包括现在在内的通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词时间副词just(句中）句中）, already(句中

5、，句末）句中，句末）, before(句末）句末）, yet（句末）（句末）, never（句中）（句中）, ever（句中）（句中）,recently(句末句末)等状语连用。例如：等状语连用。例如：Eddie has eaten my food. (Hobo has nothing to eat now.)1.Eddie has just eaten my food. (Eddie刚已经吃了我的刚已经吃了我的食物。）食物。）2.I have never heard of that before.（我以前从未听说过（我以前从未听说过那件事）那件事）3. Have you ever ridden

6、 a horse?（你曾经骑过马吗？）（你曾经骑过马吗？） 4.She has already finished the work.（她早已经完成这个工作了。）（她早已经完成这个工作了。）5.We havent finished our homework yet. (我们还没有完成作业呢。我们还没有完成作业呢。)二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别I bought a new computer last week.只强调动作发只强调动作发生在过去。生在过去。I have bought a new computer.不强调动作什么时候不强调动作什么时候发生，只强调现在

7、的结果是拥有了一台新电脑。发生，只强调现在的结果是拥有了一台新电脑。1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作，和现在不发生关系。述过去的事情，强调动作，和现在不发生关系。而现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成而现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。2 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语，成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语，不能与表示过去的时间连用

8、。不能与表示过去的时间连用。 一般过去时的时间状语有：一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday, last weekyesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just nowago, in1980, in October, just now等具体的时间状等具体的时间状语。语。 现在完成时的时间状语有：现在完成时的时间状语有：for, since, ever, never, for, since, ever, never, just, already, yet, in the past/last few yearsjust, already,

9、yet, in the past/last few years等不确定等不确定的时间状语。的时间状语。LetLets try! Is try! Im sure you can do it well!m sure you can do it well!1.I _(see) the 3D film Avatar. Its amazing! I _(see) it one month ago. have seensaw2.-Is your grandfather still alive? -No, he _already _(die). -When _he _(die)? -He _last yea

10、r(die). has dieddid diedied3.-I _just _ (hear) of the earthquake in Tangshan. -The earthquake? -Yes, it _(happen) on March 6th, three days ago.have heardhappened4.Mr. Li _(begin) to work in this factory in 1990. He _ (work) in the factory for 20 years.5. The Greens _(live) in China since they _(move

11、) here in 2003.beganhas workedhas livedmoved三、现在完成时的构成三、现在完成时的构成（1 1）肯定句：）肯定句：I/We/You/They + 助动词助动词have + p.p(过去分词）过去分词）+其它。其它。He/She/It + 助动词助动词has + p.p(过去分词）过去分词）+其它。其它。e.g.They _ their homework. (finish）He _his homework. （finish)have finishedhas finished（2 2）否定句）否定句I/We/You/They+have not / have

12、nt +p.p(过去分过去分词）词）+其它。其它。 He/She/It +has not / hasnt +p.p(过去分词）过去分词）+其它。其它。e.g.They _ their homework yet (还还未）未）. (finish）He _ his homework yet. （finish)havent finishedhasnt finished(3)(3)一般疑问句及回答一般疑问句及回答-Have+I/you/we/they+p.p(过去分词）过去分词）+其它其它？-Yes, I/you/we/they have. -No, I/you/we/they havent.-Has

13、 +she/he/it+p.p(过去分词）过去分词） +其它其它？-Yes, she/he/it has.-No, she/he/it hasnt.e.g._you _the film?(watch)Yes, I _._your father _the film?(watch)No, he _.Have watched haveHas watched hasnt (4)(4)特殊疑问句特殊疑问句特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+have/has+have/has+主语主语+p.p(+p.p(过去分词）过去分词）+ +其它其它？e.g.The girl has learned English for 6 y

14、ears. I have eaten two apples for breakfast.How long has the girl learned English?What have you eaten for breakfast?四、四、 过去分词的构成过去分词的构成(A)(A) 规则动词规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的则动词的过去式过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked, visit-visited-vis

15、ited (2)、以、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)、以、以“辅音字母辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将结尾的动词，将 “y” 变为变为 “i” ，再加，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied, cry-cried-cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个一个辅音字母，先双辅音字母，先双 写该辅音字母，再加写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped, drop-dropped-dropped (B) (B) 不规则动词的过

16、去分词不规则动词的过去分词原形原形过去式过去式过去分词过去分词原形原形过去式过去式过去分词过去分词dodiddoneeatateeatengowentgonefindfoundfoundseesawseenforgetforgotforgottenbuybought boughtcomecamecomeputputputcutcutcutbuildbuiltbuiltwritewrotewritten(Page122)movelivelovelike写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词:visitrepairwatchfinishvisited visited repa

17、ired repairedwatched watchedfinished finishedmoved moved lived lived loved loved liked liked verbed以以e结尾结尾dstopmoptrapplanstopped stopped mopped moppedtrapped trappedplanned planned注注:以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写双写最后一个辅音字母最后一个辅音字母ed双写双写edstudy hurrystudied studiedhurried hurried去去yied注注:以辅音字母

18、加以辅音字母加y结尾的词结尾的词,去去yied.写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词:begive seemake put comewritewas/were beengave givensaw seenmade madeput putcame comewrote written注注:不规则动词见书上不规则动词见书上122页不规则动词表页不规则动词表.1 borrow2 hope3 make4 get5 plan6 cry7 send8 watch9 say10 grow11 hit12 enjoyborrowedhopedmadegotplannedcriedsent

19、watchedsaidgrewhit enjoyedFinish Part A on page 14 already: 肯定句，表示已经发生肯定句，表示已经发生 ever: 疑问句，表示疑问句，表示“曾经曾经” for: 肯定句肯定句/疑问句疑问句/否定句，表示一段时间否定句，表示一段时间 just: 肯定句，表示肯定句，表示“刚刚刚刚” never: 否定句，表示否定句，表示“从不从不” recently: 肯定句肯定句/否定句否定句/疑问句，表示疑问句，表示“最近最近” since: 肯定句肯定句/否定句否定句/疑问句疑问句, 表示表示“自自-以后以后” yet: 疑问句疑问句/否定句否定

20、句, 表示表示“已经已经”或者或者“还没还没有有” 五：现在完成时的时间副词和时间短语五：现在完成时的时间副词和时间短语:1. 副词副词already和和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。疑问句中。 如如: We have already finished our homework. 我们已完成作业了。我们已完成作业了。 They havent finished their homework yet. 他们还没有完成作业。他们还没有完成作业。 - I have never been to the Great Wall.

21、我从未去过长城。我从未去过长城。 副词副词ever 和和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示表示“曾经曾经”或或“从未从未“等。等。 如如: - Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗你曾经去过长城吗?He has been there twice recently.近年来他去过那里两次了。近年来他去过那里两次了。3. 用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语, 如如 : just, before, recently等。等。如如: I have seen her before, but I ca

22、n not remember where. 我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。 句式句式 位置位置 alreadyalready ever ever just just never never yet yet recently recently 陈述句陈述句 have/hashave/has后，句末后，句末 疑问句疑问句主语后主语后 陈述句陈述句have/has后后否定陈述句否定陈述句have/has后后 否定陈述句否定陈述句 疑问句疑问句 句末句末肯肯/ /否定陈述句否定陈述句, ,疑问句疑问句句末句末ConclusionHave a try1. Have

23、you done your homework _ ? ( for, just, yet)2. I have _ been to Chengdu. ( for, never, yet)3. He has worked there _ he left school. (already, just, since)4. She has known Sam _ nine years. ( for, never, since)yetneversincefor5. Have you _ ridden a horse? ( ever, for, yet)6. They have _ arrived. (eve

24、r, just, yet)7. He has _ washed the dishes . ( already, ever)8. We have not completed the project _ . (already, for, yet)everjustalreadyyet1 They _ (finish) their homework already.2 John _never _ (visit) China.3 Mr. Li _ (repair) over ten bicycles since Monday.4 We_ _ (not see) each other for years.

25、5 My parents _ (not come) back yet.6. Our teacher _ (teach) us a lot about the history of China.have finished has visitedhas repairedhavent seenhas taughthavent comeFinish Part B on page 14Finish Part C on page 15M: _ you _ (see) any films recently, Sandy?S: No, I havent. What about you?M: Well, I _

26、 (see) one last Saturday.S: What is it about?M: Its about the changes in Beijing over the past century. From this film, I _ (learn) more about Beijings past and present.S: Oh, I think I _ (hear) about the film. Do you plan to see it again?M: Yes, Id like to.Have seensawhave learnthave heardFill in t

27、he blanks1. She _ (wait) for two hours already. 2. They _(not finish) the project yet.3. _ you _ (hear) from my sister recently?4. Mark _ (be) there for two days.5 _ they ever _ (stay) at home alone?6 I _ never _ (watch) this film .7 Daniel _ just _ (arrive) home.8 We _(not eat) anything since then.

28、has waitedhavent finishedHave heardhas beenHavestayedhave watchedhasarrivedhavent eaten9. I _ (do) my homework already.10.He _(not finished) his homework yet.11._you ever _(be) to Beijing?12.We _ never _ (see) such an exciting match before.13.Mother _ just _(clean) the house. Please dont come in.14.

29、They _(practice) this dialogue twice.have donehas not finishedHavebeenhaveseenhascleanedhave practiced15. I (not read) the book before.16. My sister (walk) to school every day last year.17. We (have) an exam again sometime next week.18. I (hear) from my father recently.19. Lucy (go) to Shanghai. She

30、 (leave) this morning. 20. Tom (buy) the bike for 2 years.havent readwalkedwill havehave heardhas gonelefthave bought 21. I _(have) lunch already 22. Has the train_ (arrive), yet? 23.Tome _ never_ (be to ) China. 24. The twin _just _(see) my father. 25. The twins _(see) my father just now.have hadarrivedhasbeen tohasseensaw句型转换句型转换1. She has already cleaned the kitchen. (改为否定句改为否定句)She _ cleaned the kitchen _.2. They have visited some interesting places in China. (改为一般疑问句改为一般疑问句)_ they _ _ interesting places in China?3. The poo