costaccountinghmcost1epptch09

1、 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-1 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in

2、 part. 9-29 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-3price standards specify how much should be paid for the quantity of the input to be used.quantity standards specify how much of the in

3、put should be used per unit of output.unit standard cost is the product of these two standards:standard price x standard quantity (sp x sq)1 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-4ideal

4、 standards demand maximum efficiency and can be achieved only if everything operates perfectly.currently attainable standards can be achieved under efficient operating conditions.kaizen standards reflect a planned improvement and are a type of currently attainable standard.1 2011 cengage learning. a

5、ll rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-5usage of standard costing systemscost managementplanning and controldecision making and product costing1 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, c

6、opied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-61cost assignment approaches 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-72standard cost sheet for delu

7、xe strawberry frozen yogurt 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-8a flexible budget can be used to identify the direct material or direct labor input costs that should have been incurr

8、ed for the actual level of activitytotal budget variance: the difference between the actual cost of the input and its standard costtotal budget variance = (ap x aq) (sp x sq)3 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible web

9、site, in whole or in part. 9-93price (rate) variance: difference between the actual and standard unit prices of an input multiplied by the actual quantity of inputsusage (efficiency) variance: difference between the actual and standard quantity of inputs multiplied by the standard unit price of the

10、inputunfavorable (u) variance occurs whenever actual prices or usage of inputs are greater than standard prices or usagefavorable (f) variance occurs whenever actual prices or usage of inputs are less than standard prices or usage 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copie

11、d or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-103direct materials price variance: difference between what was actually paid for direct materials and what would have been paid for the actual quantity bought if it had been bought at the standard pricempv = (ap x a

12、q) (sp x aq)if the actual price is greater than standard, the mpv is unfavorableif the actual price is less than the standard price, the mpv is favorable 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in p

13、art. 9-113direct materials usage variance: the difference between the amount of materials actually used and what should have been used for the actual quantity of units produced multiplied by the standard pricemuv = (sp x aq) (sp x sq)if the actual quantity is greater than standard, the muv is unfavo

14、rableif the actual quantity is less than the standard quantity, the muv is favorable 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-123timing of the price variance computationthe direct material

15、s price variance can be computed at one of two points:when the direct materials are issued for use in productionwhen they are purchased 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-133standard

16、 bill of materials 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-14accounting for the direct materials price and usage variancesmaterials (sp x aq)direct materials price variance (ap sp)aqaccou

17、nts payable (ap x aq)work in process (sq x sp)direct materials usage variance (aq-aq)spmaterials (aq x sp)3 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-15direct labor rate variance computes t

18、he difference between what was paid to direct laborers and what should have been paidlrv = (ar x ah) (sr x ah)direct labor efficiency variance measures the difference between the direct labor hours that were actually used and the direct labor hours that should have been usedlev = (ah x sr) (sh x sr)

19、3 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-16accounting for the direct labor rate and efficiency variance(assuming a favorable direct labor rate variance and an unfavorable labor efficienc

20、y variance)work in process (sh x sr)direct labor efficiency variance (ah sh)srdirect labor rate variance (ah sr) ahwages payable (ah x ar)3 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-17inves

21、tigating direct materials and labor variances:because random variations around the standard are expected, management should establish an acceptable range of performance.the acceptable range is the standard, plus or minus one allowable deviation. the upper control limit is the standard plus the allow

22、able deviation and the lower control limit is the standard minus the allowable deviation.3 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-18variable overhead spending variance measures the aggre

23、gate effect of differences in the actual variable overhead rate and the standard variable overhead ratevosv = (avor x ah) (svor x ah)variable overhead is assumed to vary as the production volume changes variable overhead changes in proportion to changes in the direct labor hours usedvariable overhea

24、d efficiency variance measures the change in variable overhead consumption that occur because of the efficient/inefficient use of direct laborvoev = (svor x ah) (svor x sh)4 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible websi

25、te, in whole or in part. 9-194variable overhead spending variance by item 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-204variable overhead spending and efficiency variances by item 2011 cenga

26、ge learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-21fixed overhead spending variance is the difference between the actual fixed overhead and the budgeted fixed overheadfosv = afoh bfohif less (more) is spent

27、 on fixed overhead items than was budgeted, the spending variance is favorable (unfavorable).fixed overhead volume variance is the difference between budgeted fixed overhead and applied fixed overheadvolume variance = budgeted fixed overhead applied fixed overheadas a general rule, if actual product

28、ion is less than budgeted production, the volume variance will be unfavorable, if actual production is more than budgeted production, the volume variance will be favorable the difference is due solely to the differences in production or planned utilization of capacity4 2011 cengage learning. all rig

29、hts reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-224fixed overhead spending variance by item 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in

30、whole or in part. 9-23accounting for overhead variances:to recognize the incurrence of actual overhead:variable overhead controlfixed overhead controlmiscellaneous accountsto recognize the variances:fixed overhead controlvariable overhead efficiency variancefixed overhead spending variancevariable o

31、verhead controlvariable overhead spending variancefixed overhead volume variance4 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-24accounting for overhead variances (continued):to close the vari

32、ances to cost of goods sold:fixed overhead volume variancevariable overhead spending variancecost of goods soldcost of goods soldvariable overhead efficiency variancefixed overhead spending variance4 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a

33、 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-254two variance analysis: helado company 2011 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-264three variance analysis: helado company 2011 cenga

34、ge learning. all rights reserved. may not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-27mix variance: created whenever the actual mix of inputs differs from the standard mixyield variance: occurs whenever the actual yield (output) differs from the standard yield5 2011 cengage learning. all right