语法part of speech

1、 语 法 Lecture 1 1. Part of speechNotional words: noun, adverb, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb实词 名，形，动，副，数，代Form words: article, preposition, conjunction, interjection2. Sentence compositions2.1 subject Subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about. Noun.

2、Pron. Num. Infinitive. Gerund. Subject clause(18个)2.2 predicateSimple predicate: verb/ verbal phraseComplex predicate: link verb+predicate/ modal verb+v原形Ex: V. Verbal phrase，link verb+predicate, modal verb+predicate, verb+infinitive2.3 predicativePredicative express the status, characteristics or t

3、he quality of the subject.对主语进行补充说明主语补足语（薄冰）表语（张道真）当名词作表语时，补充说明主语的身份，性质内容，当形容词作表语时，补充说明主语的特点，特征。Ex: She is a beauty. (客观事实） She is beautiful. （个人看法） Big 视野上的，外形 Large 容积和体积能作表语的有：noun, pron. Adj. Prep. Ad. Infinitive gerund, participant. （im eating apples. 不是系表结构）Predicative clause(19个)补1：区分动名词和分词 理

4、论上动名词相当于名词，表示说明主语的性质内容，分词表示说明主语的特点。 The film is exciting. (participant) My job is teaching. (gerund)在做题技巧上， 动名词可与主语互换位置而不影响语意补2：表语从句19个比主语从句多1个 因为表语从句比主语从句多一个引导词：as if/ though2.4 objectDirect object: 动词后只有一个宾语时（人或物或事）Indirect object:出现的前提是双宾语，其中人是间接宾语Cognate object: 同源宾语作谓语的动词与作宾语的动词是同一个词或派生词I dream

5、 a beautiful dream.Were living a happy life.Complex/ compound object 宾语补足语能做宾语的有：noun, pron, num. Infinitive, gerund, object clause(19)If 表示是否时只能引导宾语从句He asked if he might go there.表示过去的许可只能用might2.5 appositive 同位语Appositive is the further information after a noun or a pronoun referring to “who” or

6、“what”.能作同位语的有：noun, pron, num, infinitive, gerund, 这些词或词组作同位语时， comma 可有可无。Appositive clause（18个）作同位语时，wh- (17) 从句一定要有comma。That 与前面的名词间不要用comma. 同位语从句中的that 时连词不作任何成分。补充：there be 句型属于倒装句 be 后面的内容才是主语专四考察：there being / there to doBe 是系动词、助动词（时态、被动语态，帮助实意动词）2.6 attributivePre-attributive(6个)前置定语：nou

7、n, pron, num, article(虚词中只有冠词能作句子成分)， adj., gerund(ex: This is a sleeping car.)Post-attributive: adv., prep., infinitive,(I have an apple to eat. 不用to be eaten, 当句子的主语是不定式动作的发出者是，不定式用主动形式)， attributive clause(12)，participle(与gerund区别开，既可以放在中心词前，也可以放在中心词后，取决于分词的长度ex: This is a sleeping boy. Sleeping

8、是分词表示状态；This is a sleeping car. Sleeping 是动名词)分词作定语时表示中心词的动作或状态，动名词作定语时表示中心词的性质或用途。定语从句的引导词有十二个，八个关系代词(as, than, but 等)，和四个关系副词（when, why, where, only）其中实词都要作成分。2.7 adverbial（根据logical meaning 划分为10 groups）2.7.1 adverbial of time2.7.2 adverbial of place2.7.3 adverbial of manner方式状语从句2.7.4 adverbial

9、of cause 原因状语从句Unable to answer the question, he kept silent. Since是指多因一果， because是指一因一果2.7.5 adverbial of purpose In order to = so as toSo.as to 如此.以至于2.7.6 adverbial of result2.7.7 adverbial of condition包括真实条件句和非真实条件句2.7.8 adverbial of concession让步状语从句（即使，虽然，语意上是铺垫）2.7.9 adverbial of comparison 比较

10、状语从句2.2.10 adverbial of degree（程度状语无从句，只能用现在分词或程度副词）The water is boiling hot. Terribly good (矛盾修饰法)补：seeing this notice, he ran away.Seen from the hill, the village is beautiful.现在分词作状语，要求主句的主语发出的动作；否则要用过去分词，the village 不能发出see的动作。当状语从句位于主句之前时，需要用逗号隔开，置于主句之后时，逗号可有可无。可以做状语的有：noun, adv., a.,prep., inf

11、inivtive, participle, adverbial clause, absolute construction(独立主格/绝对结构)下面会重点说说明独立主格结构Ex: Settled, we began our work.(病句) After the question had been settled, we began our work. The question settled, we began our work.(settled是非谓语动词，构成的不是句子，question 是settle的逻辑主语，这样的结构叫做独立主格，性质上是词组)独立主格由两部分组成，分为六大类：1

12、. Noun/pron.+participle: The question settled, . It settled, .2. Noun/pron.+infinitive: Homework to do, I cant go with you.(前半句相当于一个原因状语从句)3. Noun/pron+noun: He talked about his friends, all stars.对all stars 在句子中的成分，语法学家有分歧，传统语法学家张道真等认为是状语，功能语法学家薄冰等认为是同位语。4. Noun/ pron+adj.: He stood there, his face

13、 red.5. Noun/pron. +adv.: Class over, students went out of the classroom When class was over, . 6. Noun/pron.+prep.: The teacher came in, (with) (a) book in his hand.没有with时a也可以省略。2.8 complement 补足语（宾语补足语、 主语补足语）力求句意的完整， 有语意上的要求2.8.1 noun: We call her zhang sir She is called zhang sir (by us).主语补足语大

14、多出现在被动语态中，被动语态中动词后不是宾语，被动语态没有宾语。2.8.2 adj.: The letter make her sad.2.8.3 prep.: We regard her as our friend. As our friend(方式状语), she is kind.2.8.4 infinitive phrase: I will make him come in(复合宾语，省略to 的动词不定式bare infinitive)2.8.5 adverb: I will make him in.2.8.6: participle: I saw him crossing the street. 宾语him是补足语逻辑上的主语。补：宾语是动作的承受着，主动语态的主语成了被动语态时的状语部分 She is called zhang sir by us. He will be made to come in. (主语补足语，与谓语动词无关)2.9 address 呼语2.9.1 name: Tom, com