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1、 Websters Third New International Dictionary defines synecdoche as “ a figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole, the whole for a part, the species for the genus, the genus for the species, or the name of the material for the thing made.” e.g. No eye saw him, but a second later every ear

2、 heard a gunshot.Types of SynecdocheThe part for the whole 1) He has many mouths to feed in his family. 2) The poor man is now left without a roof. 3) He earned his bread as a dust man. 4) It is sure hard to earn a dollar these days. When we make the part-for-whole synecdoche, we should choose the m

3、ost important part or the most obvious feature to substitute the whole. His pet purr was home alone and asleep. His pet paws was home alone and asleep.2. The whole for the partShe cut herself in the kitchen. ( “herself” for her finger)Italy beat Spain in the football match. (“Italy”, ”Spain” for the

4、 Italian team and the Spanish team)Trees and flowers are looking their best to welcome the smiling year.1) ( “smiling year” for the season of spring)3.The abstract for the concrete, or the concrete for the abstractAll the wit and learning of the world were assembled there. (the wise people and learn

5、ed people ) ( the abstract for the concrete)2) I have his ear, of course. ( obedience - the concrete for the abstract)3) The authorities were greeted. ( officials - the abstract for the concrete) 4. The species for the genus, or the genus for the speciesDid you see that cutthroat? ( “cutthroat” for

6、murder - the species for the genus)That spring should vanish with the rose. (“rose” for flowers - the species for the genus)3) The children were frightened by the cats in the zoo. ( “cats” for tigers, leopards and lions -the genus for the species)4) There sits my animal guarding the door to the henh

7、ouse.1) ( “ animal” for dog - the genus for the species) Note: A possible problem can arise with the genus-for- species substitution because the movement is from more specific to more general; this can result in vagueness and loss of information. Perhaps a better substitution is the species for the

8、genus - a single, specific, representative item as a symbol of the whole. This form of synecdoche is usually clearer and more effective than the other.5.Name of the material for the thing madeHave you any copper? ( “copper” for coins that are made of copper)He walked the boards for a living. (“ boar

9、ds” for the stage that is made of boards)3) She was dressed in silks and satins(缎子). ( dresses made of silk and satin)4) Cotton suits you.1) ( garments made of cotton) Metonymy is a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one for that of something else which is associated. When we speak

10、of one, the other will come up to our mind. Because of this, we can use one to substitute the other. In a given context, the former can substitute the latter:Crown - king or queenBottle - alcoholic drinks; waterDowning Street -The British government or cabinet the White House the executive branch of

11、 the U.S governmentTchaikovsky -Tchaikovsky s musicMetonymy can be derived from the following sources:Body part as a name for the sense, behavior or abilityHe has a good ear for music. (as a name for “ the ability to appreciate or enjoy”)2) He has a sharp tongue. ( as a name for “ using severe words

12、 in speech”)2. Name of a person as a name for his/her words or style.Will you play me some Chopin? (as a name for “ Chopins music”)Have you ever read Jack London? ( as a name for “Jack Londons novels”)Do you like Dickens?1) ( as a name for “ Dickons novels” or “ Dickens style)3. Name of a clear sign

13、 of an object or a person as a name for the object or the personThose big noses, blue eyes and yellow hair taught them English. ( Here the sign is used as a name for the foreigners who possess these features.)2) The thirteen colonies got together to fight the red lobsters.1) ( It is the sign of the

14、British soldiers in the eighteenth century who were dressed in red uniform.)4.Name of a place as a name for something produced or some event that happened there.He met his Waterloo. ( Name of the place substitutes for the happenings there)2) He was behind the arras(花毯,挂毯). ( Arras is a French town w

15、here a kind of1) tapestry(挂毯)is produced)5.Instrument or container as a name for the method, position or substanceThe kettle is boiling. ( “ Kettle” substitutes for the water in it.)The hall applauded. ( “Hall” substitutes for the audience in the hall.)The Senate approved David Suitors appointment t

16、o the bench of the Federal Supreme Court. (“ Bench” substitutes for the position of the judge.) 6. Trade mark or brand as a name for the productsHe was driving a Ford. ( “ Ford” substitutes for a Ford car.)Joanne burned Player after Player in her nervousness.1) ( “ Player is a brand of cigarettes.)

17、The basic “strategy” in metonymy is to convey some incorporead or intangible state in terms of the corporeal(有形的,物质的 ) or tangible.e.g. heart- emotion brain- knowledge from the cradle to the grave- from birth to deathThe difference between metonymy and synecdoche Metonymy and synecdoche both involve

18、 substitution. Many linguistics treat synecdoche as a subtype of metonymy. It is true that metonymy and synecdoche are confusing and it is difficult for people to distinguish them.e.g. This famous port used to be a harbour which was crowed with masts. synecdoche: “ Mast” is in the case of the part f

19、or the whole ”ship”. metonymy: “ Mast” can also serves as a symbol of a “ship” Yet it is not impossible. In fact, the difference between them is obvious. With synecdoche, the relationship between the two things involved is part-and whole; that is one thing is a part of the other. Whereas, with meton

20、ymy, the two things involved are completely different. They are simply juxtaposed dkstpuz 并列 and closely correlated.e.g. He is not the man who lets his heart rule his head. ( metonymy) He paid the workers $5 perhead. ( synecdoche)The difference between metonymy and metaphor The distinction between m

21、etaphor and metonymy can be based on the following two points:Metaphor can be converted into simile, while metonymy can not;Metaphor appeals to the readers imagination for similarity between the two different objects, while metonymy appeals to the readers imagination for the association of ideas it

22、provokes(引起).e.g. All the world is a stage. She is a peacock. The kettle is boiling. He likes to read Hemingway.Antononasia (代换代换) Like metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, antonomasia also involves substitution. It is the replacement of a proper noun by a common noun, or the replacement of a common n

23、oun by a proper noun to refer to a class.e.g.The Iron LadyMargaret Thacher ( a former Prime Minister of Great Britain)Main sources that the proper nouns come fromFrom the Bible or mythologyDaniel - a wise and fair judgeEden -paradiseHercules h:kjuli:z -a hero of strength and braveryPrometheus prmiju

24、:s - a tremendous force2. From historyNero- a tyrantHitler - a tyrantCaesar- a great man Napoleon - conqueror3. From literatureUncle Tom - a Negro who compromises and confront with the whitesShylock - a miser, a greedy and cruel personHolmes - a wise detective So in order to understand antonomasia we should get familiar with the Western religion, history and literature; otherwise, it would be impossible for us to understand or employ it.4. From the epithet (绰号 ) the