建筑结构和建筑过程外文翻译

1、专业外文资料翻译题 目： building structure and construction process（专业外文资料原文）building structure and construction processthis paper examines some of the structural aspects of the city of melbournes new green building, council house 2 (ch2) as well as the selection of materials and the role of the builder during

2、 the construction process.in order to gain a six star rating under the green building council of australias (gbca) new green star rating system, many innovative design initiatives were incorporated into the building. the paper begins by outlining some of the key design features of ch2 followed by a

3、description of the integrated design process and how this facilitated innovative structural and design decisions. the team approach during design development continued through into the construction phase. despite its many unusual design elements, the procurement and construction process for ch2 was

4、relatively conventional. this process contrasts with another recent green office building project in melbourne, and it is argued that the new green star rating system and specification provides builders a more systematic basis for decision making around ecologically sustainable development (esd) iss

5、ues. issues relating to the construction process, such as structural rationale, materials selection, procurement methods and on-site construction practices are also discussed in this paper. a. central city location of ch2b. site at start of constructionc. site excavation august 2004 february 2004fig

6、ure 1: location of building and tightly constrained work site.construction overview hansen yuncken started construction of the 10-storey $51 million ch2 building in early 2004. the 1,316 m² construction site was only accessible from city laneways. the concrete structure was a relatively convent

7、ional in situ construction except for the use of precast undulating concrete ceiling panels. two rows of concrete columns are located at 8200 centres just inside the north and south facades with a further row of columns offset from the centre of the floor plate. the proportions of the site dictated

8、a deep space floor plate, which presented design challenges in terms of lighting and ventilation. the undulating ceiling resolved difficulties arising from the 22 m building depth by providing enough space for air distribution ducts, while still allowing a maximum ceiling height so light could penet

9、rate deep into office spaces. other difficulties relate to the challenge of effectively ventilating deep open office space, especially when considering natural ventilation for thermal mass cooling. this was, however, resolved with the installation of a mechanical daytime ventilation system using und

10、erfloor swirl diffusers inlets and ceiling mounted air extraction points to provide effective distribution of air, while minimising mixing across the floor-plate. car parking is provided on the basement level. the car park has a level floor, rather than ramped, allowing for future conversion to othe

11、r uses.a. car park access link to adjacent buildingb. first floor under constructionc. first floor formwork october 2004 september 2004 november 2004figure 2: below ground and first level construction activities. integrated design processthe design process of most commercial buildings is complex, re

12、quiring collaboration with a range of consultants. the conceptual design for ch2 was developed by an integrated design team during a two-week intensive workshop or charrette in january 2002. intense cooperation early in the design process is unusual and, in the case of ch2, this enabled innovative d

13、ecisions to be made with a degree of certainty in terms of constructability and cost. most publications outlining recent international exemplars of sustainable architecture do not mention the importance of the architect working collaboratively with the client and consultants from early in design sta

14、ge. one notable exception is kibert (2005) who mentions the charrette as an emerging design process and gives guidelines for the successful integration of a high performing team. a. foam supports for deliveryb. north end panel, note square c. north end panel penetration for ventilation exhaust (refe

15、r figure 4 b)d. ceiling panel with supportse. placing central panelf. positioning reinforcing steel and services. green pipes are for cooling water supply for radiant chilled ceiling panelsfigure 3: on-site insertion of a precast concrete undulating beam ceiling panel a. apex of curve with structura

16、l supportb. covered chilled ceiling panels c. positioning tile pattern and electrical services on raised floor figure 4: internal view of undulating ceilings during construction type of contract the type of construction contract has a significant impact on the success of developing and implementing

17、a green building design. the issue of risk influenced the procurement choice for ch2, with project director for the city of melbourne, rob adams, saying:“i think if you look at the process of procuring the building it is very traditional it is full documentation, guaranteed bill of quantities, the s

18、tuff that people used to do 10-15 years ago. i have a great belief that it is at the front of the project where you need to do the work. our industry has moved away from this approach and although they have cut down on consultants fees and save two to three per cent, they then wonder why it blows ou

19、t at the other end by 10 or 20 per cent. i think its poor economics. right from the start weve said were a government organisation and were going to be audited throughout this project, everyones going to be looking over our shoulders, so lets just do it properly”as a risk management strategy, the bu

20、ilder, hansen yuncken, confirmed as many contracts as possible early in the construction process. in contrast to other construction firms, hansen yuncken only employed a small core team. during construction, the company continued to research and advise the client on the availability and cost of some

21、 of the more unusual or innovative provisional elements of the design. for example, it was a challenge to find provisional items such as timber windows and rotating timber shutters that satisfied esd, performance and cost criteria, and could also be delivered in a timely manner. sourcing materials d

22、uring the time the project was tendered and construction began, some issues were experienced relating to sourcing materials and changing costs. some materials had become difficult to source, others had become more expensive. the cost of steel from china, for example, doubled. recycled timber was eas

23、y to source but it was more expensive than new timber and its density meant extra cutting costs due to the need to replace blades. issues to do with the use of pvc, recycled steel and cement replacement with fly-ash are also described in the paper. in addition, hansen yuncken faced a dilemma when co

24、mparing overseas materials against local materials. often the overseas product was less expensive but no accepted method exists to factor in the cost of extra embodied energy resulting from long distance transport.construction sitegiven its innovative design, the construction of ch2 was relatively s

25、traightforward. hansen yuncken carefully selected subcontractors and many had worked with the company before. there was also a lot of goodwill for the project from the contractors, with the larger firms keen to be involved to boost their green building skills and credentials. a key sustainability is

26、sue during the construction phase was waste recycling. a simple strategy was developed as part of hansen yunckens environmental management plan. a waste contractor provided one bin onsite for waste and then sorted the residual material offsite with a recycling success rate of around 80 per cent. the

27、 remaining 20 per cent was committed to landfill. the cost of transport and sorting of waste were carried by the recycler and recouped through the sale of recyclable materials. for this reason, site induction on waste procedures was relatively straightforward. all building waste went into one bin wh

28、ile domestic waste was sorted in the same way as for homeowners. a. south-west view, july 2005 b. north façade view, july 2005 c. south façade view, august 2005（专业外文资料译文）建筑结构和建筑过程这篇论文论证了墨尔本这个城市的新型绿色建筑和普通住宅的一些结构方面的命题，和材料的选用及在建设过程中施工员应该遵守的规则。为了在澳大利亚绿色建筑理事会最新的环保星级排名系统中获得六星的名次，很多革命性设计理念都融入到建筑当

29、中。这篇论文始于大致讲述一些公民建筑的关键设计元素，然后是综合设计过程的描述及这些如何推动革命性建筑和设计的发展，设计发展中得团队工作模式继续从头至尾的贯彻到建设阶段，尽管有许多不寻常的设计元素，采购和公民建筑的建设过程还是相当常见的，把这些工程项目和其他一些墨尔本地区最新的环保办公楼工程相比较，有人主张这个新德环保星级评定系统和规范为施工员提供了一个设计生态化和持续化发展的更加系统的原则。命题和建设过程有关，例如结构基本原理，材料选用，采购方式和内陆建设实践都在这篇论文中被讨论。a市中心公民建筑的选址 b.建设初期的场地选址 c.场地挖掘命题一：建筑的位置和严格限制的工作地点。建设概观汉森公

30、司在2004年开始建设耗资5100万美元的10层建筑，这个占地1316平方米的建筑地址只能通过城市巷道到达，混凝土结构在现浇构造中相当的常见，除了预制波形混凝土顶棚镶板，两排混凝土柱位于中心，在北立面和南立面之外有更多的柱偏移在中心楼板之外。这个地点的大小产生了一个楼面板的外层空间，在照明和通风方面造成了一个设计上的挑战，波形的天花板提供的足够的通风管道空间解决了22米建筑深度引起的困难，并且依然有个最大波形高度允许管线能照射到办公室空间。其他的跟开放式办公空间的通风有效性有关的困难，特别是当考虑使热质量冷却的自然通风，这些问题靠安装一个使用楼板下的漩涡扩散器和安装了空气抽取点的天花板的机械日

31、间通风系统来提供有效的空气分配。汽车的停放被安排在地下层，停车场是一个水平层而不是倾斜的，允许以后做其他用途的转换可能。a.和相邻建筑相关的停车场入口 b.地下一层建筑 c.一层模板工程命题二：地下和地上一层建设活动综合设计过程大多数商业建筑的设计过程是复杂的，需要一系列的咨询公司的合作。公民建筑的概念设计是靠设计团队经过两个星期高强度的研讨或者“研讨会”来实现，早期设计过程中得密切合作是不寻常的，并且，对于公民建筑，这些过程确保了革命性的决定是建立在一系列对施工能力和造价的确定性基础上。许多出版物概括了最近的国际性可持续性建筑模板，但是没有提到建筑师与客户和咨询公司在早期设计阶段的密切合作的重要性。一个值得注意的例外是kibert，他提到了研讨会作为一个新兴的设计过程，为一个设计团队的成功融合提供了一个指导方针。命题三：现场预制波形梁和顶棚镶板的嵌入。a.弧线顶点的结构支撑 b.被覆盖的冷硬了的顶棚镶板和电力服务系统 c.活地板的瓷砖定位模式 命题四：国内对建筑结构中波形天花板的看法这种形式