早期冲突加工的调节：在Flanker任务中对情绪词的反应的N200

1、Modulation of early conflict processing: N200 responses to emotional words in a flanker task早期冲突加工的调节：在Flanker任务中对情绪词的反应的N200Neuropsychologia神经心理学杂志2010Impact Factor: 3.302主要内容 摘要一 问题提出二 材料方法三 实验结果四 讨论结论五 述评启发六一、摘要 （一）研究目的：Recent evidence shows that emotion can facilitate the processing of conflict.

2、 This effect is subserved by a neural network including the ventral and dorsal portions of the anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala. However, the time course of emotional modulation of conflict processing is unknown。 最近的证据显示，情绪可以促进冲突的加工。这种影响是通过包括腹侧和背侧ACC部分和杏仁核的神经网络来促进。然而，情绪调节冲突加工的时间进程还是未知的。 （二

3、）研究方法：Therefore, we presented emotional and neutral words in a version of the flanker task and recorded event-related brain potentials (ERP). 因此，我们通过flanker任务来呈现情绪和中性词，并用ERP来记录脑电活动。 （三）研究结果： Reaction times replicated accelerated conflict processing in emotional compared to neutral trials。 We also ob

4、served a conflict-related negativity at 200ms after stimulus onset. Interestingly, this N200 amplitude difference was enhanced in emotional trials. 相比中性试次下，情绪刺激条件下的反应时加速冲突加工。我们也观察到在刺激开始后200ms冲突相关的负波。有趣的是，这个N200在情绪试次下的增强是不同。 （四）研究结论：These data indicate an early influence of emotion on the processing

5、of conflict. Such an adaptive mechanism ensures rapid resolution of conflict in potentially threatening situations. 这些数据表明，情绪对冲突加工的早期影响。这种适应性机制确保我们再威胁情境中能够潜在迅速的解决冲突。二、问题提出 （一）Resolution of conflict between opposing response tendencies is a vital mechanism that enables coherent goal-directed behavior

6、 (Posner, Rueda, & Kanske, 2007). It has long been hypothesized that emotional stimuli can trigger conflict processing to reduce the time that an organism is incapable of responding in potentially threatening situations (Norman & Shallice, 1986; Pessoa, 2009). 相反的反应倾向下的冲突的解决是一个重要的机制，它能够目标导向行

7、为实现一致性。其中，一个长期的假设就是，情绪刺激可以触发冲冲突加工，进而减少有机体在潜在威胁情况写无能能力应对的时间。重要性，以及已有研究假设 （二） Using a version of the flanker task (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974), we recently reported reduced reaction time conflict in emotional compared to neutral trials (Kanske & Kotz, 2010). This effect is subserved by activation

8、 of the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for conflict in emotional trials only. 使用flanker任务，我们最近发现相比中性条件，情绪条件 下冲突的反应时减少。对于冲突，这种效果的促进是通过腹侧ACC 激活，而这在情绪条件下发现。实验范式，实验预期 （三） In particular, it would be interesting to know how quickly emotion impacts conflict processing as rapid facilitation of conf

9、lict processing may be vital for survival in threatening situations. 特别的是，我们感兴趣的是想要知道情绪影响冲突加工的速度有多快，这或许对于在威胁情况下的生存是非常重要的。研究问题 （四） Therefore, we investigated the first conflict-related ERP response (N200) in a flanker task, in which incongruent stimuli typically elicit larger N200 amplitudes than con

10、gruent stimuli (van Veen & Carter, 2002). 因此，我们要了解在flanker任务中第一个和冲突相关的ERP反应(N200) ，在不一致刺激类型比一致刺激诱发更大的N200波幅。考察对象 We hypothesized that the amplitude o fthe first conflict-related ERP, the N200, is modulated by emotion. 研究假设：第一个冲突相关的ERP成分 N200受到情绪的调节。三、材料与方法 （一）实验材料 One-thousand selected German no

11、uns were rated by 32 participants (16 female) for emotional valence (negativeneutralpositive), arousal (low arousinghigh arousing), and concreteness (concreteabstract) on a 9-point scale. Based on the ratings, 30 negative and 30 neutral words were selected. 32名参与着（16女）使用7点量表对对1000个选自德语的名词进行情绪效价，唤醒度，

12、具体性进行评定。基于等级评定后选取30个消极词，30个中性词。（控制具体性，词频，词长，唤醒度，效价显著差异） （二）被试 Twenty-six (14 female) participants completed the experiment. The mean age was 23.1 years of age (SD 1.7). All participants were native speakers of German, right-handed according to the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971), wit

13、h a mean laterality quotient of 94.7 (SD 7.6), and reported normal or correctedto- normal vision. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Leipzig. All participants gave written informed consent prior to participation. 26名被试(14女)，平均年龄为23.1岁 (SD 1.7)。所有被试的母语为德语，右利手（刷选），平均偏差

14、话得分为94.7 (SD 7.6)，均正常视力或矫正视力正常。获得莱比锡城（德国城市）大学伦理委员会支持，所有被试在参与前填写知情同意书。（三）实验程序 Participants performed a color flanker task. The goal was to determine the print color of a target word presented at fixation (red or green) and to press a corresponding button (left or right). Response function was counter

15、balanced across participants. Two identical flanker words in either the same (congruent) or a different color (incongruent) were presented above and below the target word. 被试进行颜色flanker任务。目标就是对确定呈现在注视点的目标词上的颜色（红或者绿），并按相应的反应键（左或者右）。被试按键反应在被试间进行平衡。两个相同的flanker词相同或者不同颜色呈现在目标词的上面或者下面。 Half of the words

16、were of neutral, the other half of negative valence. Each of the 60 words was presented with congruent and incongruent flankers, yielding a total of 120 trials. The colors were pseudo-randomly assigned to the trials such that emotional and neutral words were presented equally often in green or red.

17、一半的词是中性，另一半是消极词。一致不一致各60个词语，共120个试次。颜色是伪随机分配到情绪和中性试次汇总。但是红绿相等。 Words were presented for 500 ms,maximum response time was 2000 ms. Each trial lasted 6000 ms. Stimulus onset in a trial was jittered (02000 ms) to avoid temporal orienting. 0-2000ms500ms6000ms For the EEG measurement, participants were s

18、eated in a comfortable chair in a sound-attenuated electrically shielded room. The computer monitor was positioned 80cm in front of the participant. Stimuli were presented with the Experimental Run Time System (Beringer). After instructions and the application of the EEG cap, participants completed

19、a practice block of 16 trials. EEG测量，在隔音降电磁干扰的房间里，被试坐在一个舒适的椅子上。被试距离电脑显示器80cm。使用Run 系统呈现实验刺激。在介绍指和带上EEG帽子后，被试先完成一个16个试次的练习block。（四）数据记录 AgAgCl electrodes were used to record the EEG from 64 scalp positions according to the international 1020 system Data were referenced to the left mastoid while the r

20、ight mastoid was actively recorded. Impedances were below 5 kfor all recordings. The sampling rate was 500 Hz. Data were filtered online with a bandpass between DC and 250 Hz. Further filtering was only applied for graphical display (14 Hz lowpass filter). Data were re-referenced offline to the aver

21、age of both mastoids 参数：64导 记录AgAgCl 电极 1020系统 左侧乳突参考 电阻 以下 采样率500 Hz 在线滤波： DC 和 250 Hz 离线滤波：低通14 Hz 离线参考：平均双侧乳突 四、结果（一）行为数据 Responses to 97.4% (SD 3.5) of all trials were correct (RT mean= 517 ms, SD 62) and there were no significant accuracy effects. 所有次数的反应正确率为to 97.4% (SD 3.5) (RT mean= 517 ms,

22、SD 62) 。正确率影响没有显著性。 However, there was a significant conflict effect in response times; RTs were shorter for congruent compared to incongruent trials (see Table 2; F(1,25) = 41.0, p .0001). 反应时的冲突效应显著，相比不一致试次，一致反应时更短。 Emotion did not have a significant effect on RTs, but the interaction of emotion a

23、nd conflict was significant (F(1,25) = 34.9, p .0001). Follow-up analyses revealed that the conflict effect was smaller for negative compared to neutral trials (F(1,25) = 21.3, p .0001,2 = 0.28 vs. F(1,25) = 58.0, p .0001, 2 = 0.52). This effect was driven by reduced RTs to negative incongruent tria

24、ls, when compared to neutral incongruent trials (F(1,25) = 8.9, p .01). 情绪对反应时没有显著影响，但是情绪和冲突的交互作用显著。进一步的分析表明，相比中性试次，情绪试次的冲突影响更小。当和中性不一致试次相比，消极不一致试次的反应时更短。 There was no difference between negative and neutral congruent trials. 消极一致试次和中性一致试次之间没有差异。（二）ERP数据 An N200 component peaking at around 230ms wit

25、h a larger amplitude for incongruent than congruent trials was observed. Repeated measures analyses on the mean amplitude between 190 and 250ms yielded a significant interaction of conflict and region (F(1,25) = 6.6, p .05), indicating a conflict effect over anterior (p .05), but not over posterior

26、electrode sites. 从结果可以观察到相比一致试次，不一致试次下载230ms左右出现更大的波幅，即 N200成分。重复测量方差分析表明在190和250ms 区间平均波幅和冲突和区域出现显著的交互作用，冲突效应在前部但不是后部的电极位置。 There was also an interaction of emotion and conflict (F(1,25) = 6.49, p .01). Follow-up analyses showed that the conflict effect was only significant for negative (F(1,25) =

27、5.3, p .05), but not for neutral trials 情绪和冲突之间存在交互作用，进一步的分析表明冲突效应只在消极情绪条件下显著，但在中性试次下没有显著冲突效应。 As the conflict main effect was only significant over anterior electrodes, we also tested the interaction of emotion and conflict separately over anterior and posterior sites. 冲突的主效应在前部电极存在主效应，情绪和冲突在前后后电极交

28、互作用分离。 The interaction of emotion and conflict was significant over anterior and posterior electrodes (F(1,25) = 4.6, p .05 vs. F(1,25) = 4.3, p .05, respectively). However, follow-up analyses in the regions yielded a significant conflict effect only over anterior electrode sites in negative trials

29、(F(1,25) = 7.6, p .01), but not over posterior sites. The conflict N200 in neutral trials did not reach significance over either anterior or posterior sites. There were no interactions with hemisphere. 情绪和冲突显著的在前和后电极的交互交互作用显著。然而，进一步的分析表明在消极试次下，冲突只在前部电极显著，但是，不在后部电极位置。冲突N200在中性试次下没有在前或者后部电极位置没有显著作用。而且

30、在半球之间没有影响。五、讨论与结果 We observed facilitated conflict processing in emotional trials, which replicates our previous behavioral and fMRI data (Kanske & Kotz, 2010). 我们观测到情绪试次促进冲突加工，这复制了以前的行为和fMRI数据。 Two mechanisms may be effecting enhanced conflict processing in response to emotional stimuli: (1) strengthened sensory representation of emotional stimuli that rece